Dr Karen Wang

Wang, K.Y., Zhang, X. & Goodfellow, R. 2003, China Business Culture: Strategies for Success, 1, Talisman Publishing PTE LTD, Singapore.
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Teo, S.T. & Wang, K.Y. 2007, 'Human Capital, Social Capital and Firm Performance in Chinese SMEs' in Stewart Clegg, Karen Wang and Mike Berrell (eds), Business Networks and Strategic Alliances in China, Edward Elgar, London, pp. 230-251.
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Wang, K.Y. 2007, 'The Contextual Balance of Social Capital within Hierarchical Relations in China: Benefits and Risks' in Stewart Clegg, Karen Wang and Mike Berrell (eds), Business Networks and Strategic Alliances in China, Edward Elgar, London, pp. 209-229.
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Wang, K.Y. 2003, 'Which managers trust employees? ownership variations in China's transitional economy' in Warner, M (eds), The Future of Chinese Management, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London, UK, pp. 138-157.
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Teo, S.T., Segal, N., Morgan, A.C., Kandlbinder, P.A., Wang, K.Y. & Hingorani, A. 2012, 'Generic skills development and satisfaction with groupwork among business students: Effect of country of permanent residency', Education & Training, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 472-487.
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The purpose of this study is to examine variables explaining students' positive and negative experiences of groupwork and connect country of residence with the perception of generic skills development and self-reported satisfaction with groupwork. It also aims to examine the effect of prior training in groups from the perspective of Australian and Non-Australian permanent residency Business students. Respondents were 389 undergraduate and postgraduate Business students at an Australian metropolitan university. A path model was developed and analysed using partial least squares modeling. Students' country of residence had a significant influence on reporting of generic skill development and experience of groupwork. Self-reported improvement in generic skills after groupwork assessment was associated with reporting of fewer negative and more positive aspects of working in groups. The findings were limited by using data collected from students enrolled in one undergraduate and one postgraduate subject at the conclusion of a group assignment from one university. Future research should test the model by extending it to other universities and non-Business units. Future research should rely on a longitudinal design, where the survey is carried out at the beginning and the end of the group assessment. It is important to ensure both domestic and international students acquire generic skills through groupwork and that prior training in groupwork takes place before group assessments. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the incorporation of generic skill teaching into academic practice prior to assigning groupwork to students.

Wang, K.Y., Wang, Y., Huang, K. & Deng, J. 2012, 'Heterogeneous networks and resource acquisition of SMEs in emerging economies', Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1643-1657.
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It is acknowledged that social capital plays an important role in the growth of entrepreneurial firms. However, few studies have examined the contribution and function of social capital networks that contain structural holes (heterogeneous networks) in emerging economies. It is not clear how trustworthiness and behavioural commitment impact on effectiveness of these networks in obtaining resources. This study explores how heterogeneous networks characterize successful entrepreneurship of small-medium enterprises in such setting. We find that behavioural commitmentmoderates the relationship between heterogeneous networks and resource acquisition, while trustworthiness does not significantly moderate this relationship. The impact of the findings on the literature and practice in emerging economies is discussed, as is the need for future research in this domain.

Dai, F., Wang, K.Y. & Teo, S.T. 2011, 'Chinese immigrants in network marketing business in Western host country context', International Business Review, vol. 20, pp. 659-669.
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Many Chinese immigrants start their entrepreneurship business by joining major network marketing businesses in Western host countries. The willingness of these Chinese immigrants to undertake network marketing rests on the influence of the social environment of the network marketing organization. Network marketing specific selfefficacy, social competence and motivation for establishing oneÔ++s own business are also hypothesized to play an important role in their engagement in entrepreneurial actions. Drawing upon BanduraÔ++s social cognitive theory and the immigrant entrepreneurship literature, the present study investigates whether the social environmental influence of a network marketing organization affects the extent to which Chinese immigrants develop the self-efficacy, social competence and motivation to establish their own business and how these variables affect the actions undertaken in the host country. The study is based on the sample of 194 Chinese immigrants in their adopted host country, Australia. The findings of the survey suggest that the social environment within network marketing organizations positively affects self-efficacy, which in turn positively affects the entrepreneurial actions undertaken by Chinese immigrants in conducting their network marketing business. Social environmental influence impacts positively on their motivation to establish their own network marketing business and social competence. However the effects of motivation and social competence on entrepreneurial action were not supported. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Huang, K. & Wang, K.Y. 2011, 'How Guanxi relates to Social Capital? A Psychological Perspective', Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 120-126.
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Abstract: Problem statement: The study aims to offer a discussion on social capital and guanxi, in order to illustrate the similarities and differences between these two concepts and how Chinese guanxi varies from Western preconceptions concerning social networking. Approach: The literature review and arguments were conducted to provide a systematic discussion of the guanxi and social capital relationship. Results: Both guanxi and social capital involve social relations; it is important to appreciate that guanxi does not relate exclusively to social capital, or that guanxi itself is simply another term for social capital. Conclusion: Both guanxi and social capital are similar concepts. Social capital is considered as both the attributes of individuals and organizations; thus, guanxi is distinctively about interpersonal relationships, which are often lost within the corporate environments of large organizations.

Huang, K., Wang, K.Y., Kuo-Hisung, C. & Yien, J. 2011, 'Revealing the Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Firm Performance:A Conceptual Approach', Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 3049-3052.
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The study aims to investigate the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. Entrepreneurial orientation has emerged as an important construct within the strategic management and entrepreneurship literatures over the past two decades. In recent times, especially with the growth of globalization and other such factors, the p erformance measurement standards and parameters have changed. This has also led to a significant change in the factors that are now used within the operational sphere of an organization in order to affect the firm performance. Empirical studies on the determinants of finn performance have identified that the entrepreneurial orientation of the firm's senior management has a significant positive influence. However, the study suggests that the performance implications of entrepreneurial orientation might vary depending on the finn's circumstances.

Wang, K.Y., Fang, Y. & Teo, S.T. 2011, 'The moderating effect of face values: Information sharing and initiative encouragement in China's civil service', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 325-340.
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Despite previous studies on face values across a number of disciplines, there is limited research on how face values influence manager-subordinate relationships in ChinaÔ++s civil service. This study examines the role of managersÔ++ face values in the relationship between their trust in subordinate loyalty and willingness to empower subordinates. The findings of our study indicate that superior face-saving and face-enhancing values moderate the relationships between information sharing, initiative encouragement, and their trust in subordinate loyalty.

Huang, K., Wang, C., Tseng, M. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'A study on entrepreneurial orientation and resource acquisition: The effects of social capital', African Journal of Business Management, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 3226-3231.
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Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) has emerged as an important construct within the strategic management and entrepreneurship literatures over the past two decades. Empirical studies on the determinants of firm+s resource acquisition have shown a fairly consistent positive relationship between the EO of the firm+s senior management and firm+s resource acquisition capability. Studies aimed at understanding this relationship have primarily focused on analyzing the separate dimensions of EO, or on isolating contingency variables that are thought to moderate this relationship. However, there has been limited research on the mechanisms that might moderate the influence of EO on firm+s resource acquisition capability. According to the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm, resource acquisition tends to be considerably more challenging for enterprises. The RBV implies that differential endowment of organizational resources is an important determinant of strategic actions and performance. Previous research has shown that social networks can give firms an important advantage in the acquisition of valuable resources.

Wang, K.Y. & Zamantili Nayir, D. 2010, 'Procedural justice, participation and power distance: Information sharing in Chinese firms', Management Research Review, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 66-78.
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urpose + The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which procedural justice influences a manager's decision-making behaviour and the extent to which managerial values related to power-distance moderates the relationship between participation in decision processes and procedural justice. Design/methodology/approach + A questionnaire survey was conducted in this study. Dependent variables were the degree of participation in decision making and the degree of sharing information with subordinates. Independent variables were procedural justice and power distance.

WATTANASIRIPONG, N., Wang, K.Y. & LEENAWONG', C. 2010, 'Computational models for studying leadership modes', Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 121-136.
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Computational models for studying the effects of permanent and rotating leadership on the performances of teams that have full interaction among team members are proposed. In each model, the leader performs both leading roles and regular tasks as an ordinary team member. Permanent leadership refers to the situation when a team has only one leader for the entire time the team exists while rotating leadership refers to the situation when every team member rotates for the leader position. Computer simulations are used for examining the effects of the parameters in these models such as the amount of time the team exists for, the learning ability of a member, and the skill level of the leader on the expected team performance.

Deng, J. & Wang, K.Y. 2009, 'Feeling Trusted And Loyalty: Modeling Supervisor-Subordinate Interaction From A Trustee Perspective', The International Employment Relations Review, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 16-38.
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Previous research on interpersonal trust has focused only on trusting, such as the antecedents leading to trust in management. This study explores the effect of subordinate feeling trusted in the interaction between Chinese supervisors and subordinates. We examine the mediating effect of subordinate satisfaction with supervisor and the moderating effect of trust in supervisor on their loyalty to supervisor in this interaction. The findings indicate that subordinate feeling trusted positively affects their satisfaction with the supervisor and ultimately results in improving loyalty to supervisor. The article concludes with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications for trust management in real work settings.

Wang, K.Y., Li-Hua, R. & Xu, E. 2009, 'Acquisition of tacit marketing knowledge: A role of human capital and social capital of entrepreneurs in China', Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 103-120.
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Focusing on entrepreneurship in China's emerging economy, this paper aims to explore the extent to which the human capital and social capital of Chinese entrepreneurs facilitates their acquisition of tacit marketing knowledge. The paper proposes a conceptual framework that links tacit marketing knowledge and entrepreneurs' human and social capital. When accessibility of the general knowledge of expertise and professional business in a society is low, Chinese entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) thus depend on their own resources of human capital and abilities of social capital to acquire tacit knowledge. Both specific and general human capitals facilitate Chinese entrepreneurs' acquisition of tacit marketing knowledge. With a strong awareness of the low level of institutional trust in the current transition economy, Chinese entrepreneurs develop the interpersonal trusting relationship to gain social support. Through the trust and trustworthiness, the quality of relationships in business networks creates the personal relational resource for tacit knowledge reciprocity. This paper fills the gap in the literature by identifying critical intervening components of human and social capitals in the entrepreneurship process in China's emerging market knowledge which have previously remained untouched. The key issues of how Chinese entrepreneurs of private SMEs initially acquire knowledge-based resources to operate their businesses are critically proposed.

Huang, K. & Wang, K.Y. 2008, 'Benefits and Risks of Social Capital - A Resource-Based Approach', International Journal of Organizational Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 18-29.
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This paper reviews concepts of social capital, resource-based view and resource dependence theory with the view of focusing on their most basic meaning as a basis for determining the benefits and risks of social capital. The benefits of social capital from the resource-based view were explored with focus on how firms achieve competitive advantage. The risks of social capital from the resource dependence perspective were likewise reviewed in the context of individual and corporate behavior. The review concluded with a recommendation for study on how to maximize benefits and reduce therisk of social capital in multidimensional situation.

Jiang, L., Wang, K.Y. & Crawford, J.D. 2008, 'Burnout and Organizational Factors: A Study of Chinese Nurses in China', The International Employment Relations Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
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Wang, K.Y. & Casimir, G. 2007, 'How Attitudes of Leaders May Enhance Organizational Creativity: Evidence from a Chinese Study', Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 229-238.
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It has been argued that a key factor in the development of competitive advantage is the provision of an environment that encourages employees to be creative. Leaders play a crucial role in cultivating an environment that encourages subordinates to be creative. Based on a survey of 219 managers in privately owned enterprises in China, this study investigates how trust in subordinates in terms of their reliability and their loyalty to the leader is related to leaders encouraging subordinates to be creative. The findings reveal positive relationships between these two types of trust in subordinates and leaders encouraging subordinates to be creative. The findings also reveal that attitude to formalization moderated the relationship between trust in subordinates and encouraging them to be creative.

Wang, K.Y. & Fulop, L. 2007, 'Managerial Trust and Work Values within the Context of International Joint Ventures in China', International Management, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 164-186.
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The paper reports on a study of International Joint Ventures (IJVs) in China and provides empirical evidence on how Chinese managers in IJVs, compared with their State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) counterparts, are responding to their new work environments. Changing work practices, in particular human resource management (HRM), are altering the trust dynamics between managers and their subordinates. Changed trust relations pose problems for many Chinese managers originally from SOEs but now working in IJVs. The study examines how Chinese mangersÔ++ perceptions of trust in subordinates are being influenced by the work values in IJVs. Key findings of our study suggest that for these managers, trust in subordinates is related to certain beliefs surrounding work values of centralization, formalization and group orientation.

Wang, K.Y. & Clegg, S.R. 2007, 'Managing to lead in private enterprises in China: Work values, demography and the development of trust', Leadership, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 149-172.
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Evtushenko, M., Wang, K.Y., Stokes, H. & Nair, H. 2005, 'Blood protein purification and simulaneous removal of nonenveloped viruses using tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis', Electrophoresis, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 28-34.
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Gradiflow is new technology allowing purification of important blood proteins from viral contaminated plasma. Protein purification is based on unique scalable tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis, and is distinct from current technology because pr

Wang, K.Y. 2003, 'Trust and decision-making styles in Chinese township-village enterprises', Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 541-556.
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Wang, K.Y. 2003, 'Trust procedural justice and decision-making style: a study of collective and private enterprises in the context of China's reform', Managerial Finance, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1-13.
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Wang, K.Y. & Clegg, S.R. 2002, 'Trust and decision making: are managers different in the People's Republic of China and in Australia?', Cross Culture Management, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 30-45.
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Huang, K., Wang, K.Y. & Chelliah, J. 2011, 'Entrepreneurial Orientation and Resource Acquisition: An Environmental Dynamism Perspective', Malaysia, July 2011 in 2011 The International Conference on Organizational Innovation, ed Shieh, Chich-Jen, International Conference on Organizational Innovation, Malaysia, pp. 507-521.
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This study attempts to define the three constructs identified in the title and examine patterns of interaction among them. It begins by demonstrating that entrepreneurial orientation influences resource acquisition. It then puts forward a set of parameters to assess the degree to which factor identified as environmental dynamism affect an entrepreneurial orientation resource acquisition equation. The study finds that there are relationships between all three of the constructs, but in two propositions developed in the course of discussion it puts forward issues that may be clarified by future research, which from various angles could show how entrepreneurially oriented firms react differently from more established firms in terms of their acquisition of resources and interaction with environmental dynamism.

Teo, S.T., Ho, C.Y., Xie, L., Wang, K.Y. & Segal, N. 2011, 'Career Experience of Asian Ethnicity Permanent Residents and Citizens In Australia', 18th BIENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE, Singapore, June 2011 in 18th Biennial Conference, IERA, ed Keri Spooner, IERA, Singapore, pp. 98-108.
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The literature has shown that most immigrants reported a negative experience with their career in their newly adopted countries. In particular, they complained of loss in income and status, especially for those from non-English speaking countries. The Social Psychology literature has been shown that ethnic identity can influence an immigrant's perception of the fairness of organizational recruitment and job acceptance intention. However, little is known of the impact of immigrant's ethnic identity and how this impacts on their career experience. This is the subject of the current paper as we draw upon the literature on ethnic identity and social cognition career theory to examine the career experience 196 `visible racial minority' individuals in Australia. These individuals were immigrants from Asia (first generation Asian Australians) and Asian-born Australians (second generation Asian Australians) in Australia.

Wang, K.Y., Chelliah, J. & Kitvorametha, C. 2011, 'Entrepreneurial Learning in Thai Enclaves', International Conference on Business and Information, Bangkok, July 2011 in Proceedings of the Business and Information Annual Conference, ed Wenchang, F., Academy of Taiwan Information Systems Research, Bangkok, pp. 1-16.
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This paper investigates the relationship between human and social capital and business knowledge acquisition of Thai immigrant entrepreneurs in Australian restaurant businesses. Business knowledge acquisition in this paper is distinguished into two types: marketing knowledge and financial knowledge. This study attempts to examine the extent to which 1) human capital aspects, formal education, industry-related training and experience are related to the acquisition of marketing and financial knowledge, and 2) social capital dimensions are related to marketing and financial knowledge acquisition. An anonymous survey of 540 Thai restaurant owners was conducted. Eighty-five usable questionnaires were returned from the 540, which were used for analysis. Thai immigrant entrepreneurs demonstrate relatively high educational background with some specific knowledge of the industry. Principal components analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were the two major statistical techniques employed to address the hypotheses.

Wang, K.Y., Wang, P.Z. & Agarwal, R. 2011, 'The mediating effect of endogenous creativity on knowledge exploitation and firm performance in emerging economy', International Strategic Management Conference, Paris-France, June 2011 in Investigating Strategies of Recovery from the Recession, ed Erol EREN, Ali AKDEMIR,Oya ERDIL, Type setting: Mehtap OZSAHIN, Paris-France, pp. 875-882.
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The emerging economies are key factors in the future growth of world trade and the maintenance of global financial stability. Little is known about the way in which firms in emerging economies strategically manage the learning Ô++ creativity process to develop competitive advantage in both domestic and global markets. We extend the literature on learning and human capital by positing a model and examining 1) the mediating role of higherorder human capital in the relationship between learning facilitation and knowledge exploitation (KE); and 2) the mediating role of endogenous creativity in the KE Ô++ firm performance relationship. Qualitative method based on the sample in ChinaÔ++s firms was adopted and the results indicate that all the hypothesized relationships are supported.

Dai, F., Teo, S.T. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'An extension of the model of network marketing business entrepreneurial performance', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Adelaide, Australia, December 2010 in 24th Annual Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference : Managing Unknowable Futures, ed Gurd, B, ANZAM, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-49.
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This study extends a path model that examines the factors explaining why 227 Chinese immigrants participate in network marketing (NM) business in Australia. Our analysis shows that the social environment within NM organizations positively leads to the development of immigrantsÔ++ self-efficacy in NM business, their desire for opportunities, social competence, and human capital. These factors have led to an increase in the activities undertaken by Chinese immigrants in conducting their network marketing business. Social environment also impacts positively on their motivation to participate in NM business. These factors have a positive impact on their financial performance outcome. Our findings contribute to the literatures on Social Cognitive Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, entrepreneurial intention, and ethnic entrepreneurship.

Deng, J., Liu, X. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'The effect mechanism of subordinates' feeling trusted on loyalty to supervisor', International Conference on Management and Service Science, Wuhan, China, August 2010 in 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science, MASS 2010, ed NA, IEEE, Piscataway, USA, pp. 1-3.
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This study explores the effect of subordinates feeling trusted in the trust-loyalty interaction between Chinese supervisor and subordinates. We propose that subordinates' satisfaction with supervisor is the mediator in the effect process of subordinates

Deng, J., Su, Q. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'The influence of employee collaboration on organizational creativity', International Conference on Advanced Management Science, Chengdu, China, July 2010 in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Management Science, ed Yang, L; Wen, D, IEEE Computer Society, Piscataway, USA, pp. 61-64.
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The focus of this paper is the effect mechanism of employee callaberation on organizational creativity. Employee callaberation and trust are highlighted in promoting organizational creativity. The processes of knowledge creation are then identified, with the employee callaberation analyzed. It is also suggested that knowledge creation process have mediated the effects of employee callaberation on organizational creativity. -® 2010 IEEE.

Deng, J., Su, Q. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'Trust mode structure and its evolutionary mechanism in entrepreneurial teams', Wuhan International Conference on E-Business, Wuhan, China, May 2010 in The Ninth Wuhan International Conference on E-Business, ed Duserick, F, Alfred University Press, USA, pp. 1318-1322.
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This paper examines the structure of trust modes and its evolution in entrepreneurial team. Four types of trust modes are distinguished according to interaction behavior among team members. The structure of each trust modes are then identified, with the evolution of trust structures analyzed. It is argued that there are more motivation interaction in the first stage, more cognition interaction in the second stage, and more emotion interaction in the third stage. In order to know the reasons for trust structure evolution, this paper further discusses the contextual factors affecting the evolution of trust structure and their effect mechanism.

Jie, F., Parton, K. & Wang, K.Y. 2010, 'Supply chain analysis in the Australian lamb processing industry', ANZAM Operations, Supply Chain and Services Management Symposium, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, June 2010 in 8th ANZAM Operations, Supply Chain and Services Management Symposium, ed Hughes, K; O'Neill, P; Davis, D; Projogo, D, ANZAM, Macquarie University, pp. 1-19.
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During the last decade, supply chain management has played an important role in enabling many agribusinesses to succeed in their business goals, gain competitive advantage, and improve their business performance. As the result, there has been extensive research into strategic supply chain management with the aim of improving agribusiness performance at each stage of the supply chain. This is because in the current agribusiness world, supply chain activities are crucial in influencing many companies to continuously adapt proper supply chain management practices. The objective of this research was to analyse supply chain performance indicators among Australian lamb processors by using survey data and empirical models. Based on the results of these analyses, alternative configurations for these supply chains were suggested to help enhance the performance of the businesses concerned. The results indicate that food quality and efficiency are significant indicators of competitive advantage for lamb processors.

Dai, F., Teo, S.T. & Wang, K.Y. 2009, 'Identifying and measuring motivational factors in conducting network marketing business by Chinese immigrants', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, December 2009 in 23rd ANZAM Conference 2009 'Sustainability Management and Marketing', ed Beaumont, N, ANZAM, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-22.
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Drawing upon symbolic self-completion theory and immigrant entrepreneurship literature, we develop a four factor scale to measure the motivations of Chinese network marketers in conducting network marketing business. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying factorial structure of the scale to measure network marketersÔ++ motivation of conducting network marketing business. The data were collected from 227 Chinese immigrant network marketers in Australia. The results suggest that the scale contains four factors: extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, the motivation of establishing oneÔ++s own business with low cost (risk) and motivation of self-satisfaction. This finding suggests that successful network marketers are motivated intrinsically, which is contradictory to KuntzeÔ++s (2001) result which suggests that network marketers are motivated extrinsically

Huang, K., Chang, C.Y. & Wang, K.Y. 2009, 'Roles of social capital in tacit knowledge acquisition', International Conference on Industrial Globalization and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China, August 2009 in Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Industrial Globalzation and Technology Innovation, ed Shieh, C-J; Wang, I-M; Chou, J-R; Ho, C-H, International Association of Organization Innovation, Xian, P.R China, pp. 538-548.
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Social capital has evolved from an interdisciplinary standpoint. Recently, interests over it have been instigated by entrepreneur literatures because of the arising need to understand its contribution to quality of resource-based management, specifically knowledge-based resources, which provides a great possibility for a successful firm performance. Nevertheless, knowledge and information, just like social capital, are multidimensional in sources and consequences. Scholars have differentiated between tacit and explicit knowledge to clearly present their argument that these two types of knowledge fit various networks of social relations for optimal performance. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of the correlation between social capital and tacit knowledge acquisition is essential to the establishment of a framework that would shed light on the implications of social relations in the corporate world.

Teo, S.T., Morgan, A., Kandlbinder, P.A., Wang, K.Y. & Hingorani, A. 2009, 'Predictors of the groupwork experience: generic skill development, peer appraisals, and country of residence', Assessment in Different Dimensions, Melbourne, November 2009 in Proceedings of the ATN Assessment Conference 2009 - Assessment in Different Dimensions, ed Milton, J; Hall, C; Lang, J; Allan, G; Nomikoudis, M, RMIT University, Melbourne, pp. 313-320.
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Humphrey et al. (1997) argued that a range of generic skills are important in enhancing the experience of groupwork for students. These skills include problem solving skills, leadership skills, research skills, study skills, and communication skills. However, little is known about the extent to which the development of such skills impact on the students' experience of groupwork, Students are also rarely given opportunities to develop their performance management skills in group assignments, despite often being expected to evaluate the performance of their peers. Those doing the appraisal may not learn how to provide feedback and justify their evaluations. It also means that those being appraised do not receive feedback regarding their strengths and whereimprovements are needed. As a consequence, students tend to report negative experiences of groupwork when they have to assess and be assessed by their peers. The current study aims to examine the effects of generic skill development and peerevaluation on the students' evaluation of their group experience, following their participation on a group assignment.

Wang, K.Y. & Fang, Y. 2009, 'Face values on trust in loyalty and empowerment: A study of managers in China's public sector', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, December 2009 in 23rd ANZAM Conference 2009 'Sustainability Management and Marketing', ed Beaumont, N, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-17.
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The practice in relation to face values reflects the large power distance and collectivism prevalent in Chinese societies. Members of such societies emphasize saving and enhancing of face of individuals who occupy higher organizational hierarchy. Despite the large number of studies on face from diverse disciplines, there is limited empirical evidence on how face values influence managerial behavior in manager-subordinate relationships in ChinaÔ++s civil services. The current study examines the extent to which face values of Chinese managers moderate the relationship between trust in subordinate and their willingness to share information with subordinates and encourage their initiatives in ChinaÔ++s civil service. The findings indicate that managersÔ++ values, which emphasize superior face-saving and face-enhancing, moderate the relationship between managersÔ++ empowerment behaviors and their trust in subordinateÔ++s loyalty.

Yao, Y., Wang, R. & Wang, K.Y. 2009, 'The influence of emotional intelligence on job performance: Moderating effects of leadership', International Conference on Management Science & Engineering, Moscow, September 2009 in 2009 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering, ed Lan, H; Yang, Y, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Moscow, pp. 1155-1160.
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Theory suggests that individuals who are higher in emotional intelligence are likely to exhibit a higher level of performance. This paper studies the influence of emotional intelligence on job performance, task performance and contextual performance, and explores the moderating effects of leadership. The research results show that the emotional intelligence has a significant positive correlation with job performance, task performance and contextual performance respectively, and emotional intelligence has stronger effects on contextual performance than task performance. In addition, transactional leadership has no moderating effect on emotional intelligence-job performance relationship, and transformational leadership only moderates the relationship between emotional intelligence and contextual performance. Specifically, the relationship is stronger when the level of transformational leadership is low, which partly supports our hypothesis

Dai, F., Teo, S.T. & Wang, K.Y. 2008, 'Performance of entrepreneurial Chinese immigrants in network marketing organisations', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, December 2008 in Proceedings of the 22nd ANZAM Conference, ed Wilson, M, ANZAM, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 1-20.
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Immigrant entrepreneurship has started attracting much empirical research in the literature. There is an increasing trend in Australia where a large number of Chinese immigrants have joined network marketing organisations (NMOs). However, only a small number of empirical studies on NMOs have been conducted and most of these do not examine the factors contributing to explaining the performance of Chinese immigrants in NMOs. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrative model to examine the factors contributing to the action of Chinese immigrants who engage in network marketing business.

Huang, K. & Wang, K.Y. 2008, 'The relationship between social capital and human capital', International Conference on Innovation & Management, Taipei, December 2008 in Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Innovation & Management, ed Zhengan Cai, Shih Chien University, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 131-139.
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The paper provides a framework for evaluating developments in perceptions about social capital over the previous years and for appraising future prospects. It argues for providing The paper provides a framework for evaluating developments in perceptions about social capital over the previous years and for appraising future prospects. It argues for providing The paper provides a framework for evaluating developments in perceptions about social capital over the previous years and for appraising future prospects. It argues for providing The paper provides a framework for evaluating developments in perceptions about social capital over theprevious years and for appraising future prospects. It argues for providingspecific importance to social capital as a theoretical and experimental occurrence which is most productive when scrutinized in correlation with other elements of investigation or strategy. One particular interaction is addressed here: the relationship between human and social capital.

Wang, K.Y., Li-Hua, R. & Xu, E. 2008, 'Deep smart of Chinese entrepreneurs: Tacit marketing knowledge, human capital and social capital', International Conference on Technology Management and Innovation in China, Beijing, China, October 2008 in Proceedings of 2008 International Conference on Technology Management and Innovation in China, ed Li-Hua, R; Egbu, C; Zhao, Z; Lu L, China Association for Management of Technology & University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China, pp. 427-446.
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The study proposes a framework that links tacit marketing knowledge and entrepreneursÔ++ human and social capital. When accessibility of the general knowledge of expertise and professional business in a society is low, Chinese entrepreneurs find it hard and costly to acquire the necessary know-how knowledge for business operation. With a strong awareness of the low level of institutional trust in the current transition economy, Chinese entrepreneurs develop interpersonal trusting relationship to gain social support. Chinese entrepreneurs in SMEs thus depend on their own resources of human capital and abilities of social capital to acquire tacit knowledge. Both industry-specific experiences, industry-related training of specific human capital; and formal education of entrepreneursÔ++ general human capital facilitate Chinese entrepreneursÔ++ acquisition of tacit marketing knowledge. Through the trust and trustworthiness, the quality of relationships in business networks creates the personal relational resource for tacit knowledge reciprocity.

Wang, K.Y., Fang, Y. & Teo, S.T. 2007, 'Face Values and Managerial Practice Preference in China', Australia and New Zealand Business Academy Conference, Newcastle, Australia, November 2007 in Proceedings of the ANZIBA Conference 2007, ed Rose, E; Fisher, G, ANZIBA, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-16.
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Social face values are found to have influence on the willingness of sharing information within cultural contexts. Face values profoundly penetrate the whole Chinese society, reflecting a high collectivist and large power distance culture. In such culture, members stress greater mutual-face and other s face than member in individualistic cultures, which express more self-face maintenance. Previous studies address the face issues from diverse disciplines. However, there is limited research on how face issues influence on managerial behavior in manager-subordinate relationships through an empirical examination. We explore the extent to which a manager s superior face saving is related to their sharing information with subordinates and inviting their initiatives. The findings of the study indicate that superior face-saving is negatively associated with sharing information with subordinates.

Wang, K.Y. 2007, 'Resource Acquisition: Effect of Commitment and Social Capital in China', Australia and New Zealand Business Academy Conference, Newcastle, Australia, November 2007 in Proceedings of the ANZIBA Conference 2007, ed Rose, E; Fisher, G, ANZIBA, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-14.
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Social capital plays an important role in the growth of firms. However, limited research has been conducted on how the social capital of structural hole contributes to resource acquisition from the perspective of entrepreneurs and how behavioral commitment is related to the effectiveness of social capital. This study examines these issues based on a sample of Chinese firms. The findings indicate that behavioral commitment significantly mediates the relationship between social capital of structural hole and resource acquisition and that social capital of structural hole has positive direct effects on the firm s resource acquisition in the context of China.

Wang, K.Y. 2007, 'Trustworthiness on social capital of structural hole and firm resource acquisition', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Sydney, Australia, December 2007 in Proceedings of the 21st ANZAM 2007 Conference: Managing Our Intellectual and Social Capital, ed Couchman, P., ANZAM, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-12.
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Social capital plays an important role in the growth of small-medium enterprises (SMEs). However, limited research exists on how the social capital of structural hole contributes to resource acquisition from the perspective of entrepreneurs and how trustworthiness is related to the effectiveness of social capital. The study examines these issues based on a sample of Chinese firms. The findings indicate that social capital of structural hole has positive effects on the firm s resource acquisition and trustworthiness does not significantly mediates the relationship between social capital of structural hole and resource acquisition in the context of China.

Fang, Y. & Wang, K.Y. 2005, 'Teaching performance and turnover: a study of school teachers in Singapore', Australia and New Zealand Business Academy Conference, Melbourne, Australia, November 2005 in Conference Proceedings - The 2005 Australia and New Zealand Business Academy (ANZIBA) Conference, ed -, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-20.
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Wang, K.Y. 2005, 'Risks in the development of social capital of hierarchical relations: a study of Chinese firms', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Canberra, Australia, December 2005 in Engaging the Multiple Contexts of Management: Convergence and Divergence of Management Theory and Practice - Proceedings of the 19th ANZAM Conference, ed Davies, D; Fisher, G; Hughes, R, ANZAM, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-13.
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Wang, K.Y., Fulop, L. & Yao, Y. 2005, 'Work values and trust in subordinates in international joint ventures in China', Australia and New Zealand Business Academy Conference, Melbourne, Australia, November 2005 in Conference Proceedings - The 2005 Australia and New Zealand Business Academy (ANZIBA) Conference, ed -, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-20.
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Yao, Y. & Wang, K.Y. 2005, 'The analysis of influential factors of the knowledge-workers' performance in construction design enterprises', International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management, Penang, Malaysia, December 2005 in Challenge of Innovation in Construction and Real Estate - Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Constuction & Real Estate Management, ed Wang, Y; Shen, Q, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China, pp. 129-132.
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Wang, K.Y., Barnwell, N.S. & Crawford, J.D. 2003, 'Procedural justice, trust an decision-making style: a study of collective enterprises in the context of China's reform', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Fremantle, Australia, December 2003 in Conference Proceedings + Surfing the Waves: Management Challenges, Management Solutions, ed Brown, A, ANZAM, Fremantle, pp. 1-13.
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Wang, K.Y. 2002, 'The development of trust in employees: a comparative study of managers in collective enterprises, joint ventures and private enterprises in China', 2002 Annual Conference of ANZIBA, Brisbane, Australia, November 2002 in Assessing International Business Theory and Practice - Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Australia-New Zealand International Business Academy, ed Renforth W, Australia-New Zealand International Business Academy, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 443-460.
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Wang, K.Y. 2001, 'Impression Management, Face Value and Decision-making: Chinese And Australian Managers', Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Auckland, December 2001 in Proceedings of ANZAM 2001: Closing the Divide, ed N/A, Massey University, Auckland, pp. 0-0.
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