Dr Jennie Small

Small, J.J. & Darcy, S.A. 2011, 'Understanding tourist experience through embodiment: The contribution of critical tourism and disability studies' in Buhalis, D and Darcy, S (eds), Accessible Tourism: Concepts and Issues, Channel View Publications, UK, pp. 73-97.
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This chapter seeks to understand the tourist experiences of people with disabilities, including the seniors who also constitute the accessible tourism market. Tourism experiences can be viewed through many approaches. The following discussion is situated within the framework of critical theory in tourism studies and critical disability studies theory, both of which focus on ends rather than means, examining social power structures with a commitment to emancipation. The lived experience of the person is the subject matter and within the approaches of critical tourism and critical disability studies, the lived experience is a bodily experience. This chapter examines the embodied experience of those with disabilities within the tourism context.

Small, J.J. & Darcy, S.A. 2010, 'Tourism, disability and mobility' in Cole, S; Morgan, N (eds), Tourism and Inequality, Problems and Prospects, CABI, UK, pp. 1-20.
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In more economically developed countries, tourism is considered part of the modern experience with all people having the right to travel. None the less, there are many groups of people who do not take holidays or do not fully participate in the holiday experience for reasons such as low income, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, body size and disability. This chapter focuses on disability, in particular mobility, and argues that people with disabilities should expect the same rights to citizenship and the same quality of life as the non-disabled, which include the right to travel and participate in leisure activities (United Nations , 1993).

Darcy, S.A. & Small, J.J. 2008, 'Theorizing precincts: Disciplinary perspectives' in Hayllar, B., Griffin, T. and Edwards, D (eds), City Spaces - Tourist Places: Urban Tourism Precincts, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 63-91.
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Small, J.J. 2007, 'The emergence of the body in the holiday accounts of women and girls' in Annette Pritchard, Nigel Morgan, Irena Ateljevic and Candice Harris (eds), Tourism and gender: Embodiment, sensuality and experience, CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, pp. 73-91.
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Small, J.J., Cadman, K., Friend, L., Gannon, S., Ingleton, C., Koutroulis, G., McCormack, C., Mitchell, P., Onyx, J.A., O'Regan, K. & Rocco, S. 2007, 'Unresolved Power for Feminist Researchers Employing memory-work' in Irena Ateljevic, Annette Pritchard and Nigel Morgan (eds), The Critcal Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative research methodologies, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 261-278.
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The use of memory-work as a qualitative method in feminist social research is well established in Australia and New Zealand. Memory-work, though, still brings with it many theoretical and methodological dilemmas and issues. To open some of these issues to collective discussion, a group of experienced feminist researchers used the process of memory-work to explore specific experiences of working with memory-work groups. Our exploration suggested that using memory-work within the dominant positivist discourses and patriarchal structures of academia could, at times, leave feminist researchers feeling powerless. Through this collective we expressed concern about method and methodological process in ways which had not been articulated through our earlier memory-work projects.

Small, J.J. 2004, 'Memory-work' in Phillimore, J; Goodson, L (eds), Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies, Routledge, London, pp. 255-272.
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Small, J.J. 2002, 'Good and bad holiday experiences: women's and girls' perspectives' in Swain M; Momsen J (eds), Gender/ Tourism/ Fun(?), Cognizant Communication Corporation, New York, pp. 24-38.

Small, J.J. & Harris, C. 2012, 'Obesity And Tourism: Rights And Responsibilities', Annals Of Tourism Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 686-707.
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Not all tourist bodies are of the slim build valorised in tourism promotional material; an increasing number are overweight or obese. The paper reports a web-based study which employed Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate the airline experiences of

Small, J.J., Darcy, S.A. & Packer, T. 2012, 'The embodied tourist experiences of people with vision impairment: Management implications beyond the visual gaze.', Tourism Management, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 941-950.
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This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study that investigated the embodied tourist experiences of 40 people who are vision impaired. The study, informed by the concept of "embodied ontology", explored the corporeal and socially constructed experience of tourism. The findings highlighted the benefit of holidays for the participants and de-centred the "visual gaze" in the tourist experience. The quality of the tourist experience related to participants' feelings of inclusion or exclusion in terms of their access to information, experience of wayfinding, travelling with a guide dog, and the knowledge and attitudes of others. It was evident that participants needed to manage their tourist experiences closely and constantly. The paper concludes that the tourism industry and community must understand the multi-sensory nature of the tourist experience if quality accessible experiences are to be available for tourists with vision impairment. Provision of multi-sensory experiences also enhances the experiences of sighted tourists.

Small, J.J., Harris, C.J., Wilson, E. & Ateljevic, I. 2011, 'Voices Of Women: A Memory-Work Reflection On Work-Life Dis/Harmony In Tourism Academia', Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23-36.
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While other disciplines have engaged with critiquing work-life balance, tourism studies has been slower in acknowledging and critically contesting the notion as it applies to our own academic lives. This paper aims to address this gap through a collectiv

Small, J.J., Harris, C. & Wilson, E. 2008, 'A critical discourse analysis of in-flight magazine advertisements: The 'social sorting' of airline travellers?', Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-38.
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The in-flight magazine is one of many industrialised print media to which the traveller is exposed. In-flight magazines, however `ideologically innocent' they may appear, can be very powerful in representing the norms and values to which travellers should supposedly adhere. This paper builds on arguments that there is a lack of research on representation in tourism and focuses in particular on how in-flight magazine advertising produces, mediates and reproduces discourses surrounding air travel. Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), advertisements from a selection of Qantas and Air New Zealand in-flight magazines from 2005 were studied. The content analysis of these texts reveals that the magazine advertisements wish to speak to a certain `elite' type of traveller who is mobility-rich as well as financially wealthy, with the time to pursue a raft of travel activities and the money to buy an array of expensive luxury products. Essentially, the paper argues that magazine advertisements can be a subtle (or, perhaps, not so subtle) way of `socially sorting' airline travellers into those who are socially and culturally acceptable airline travellers and those who are not. The advertisements can also be seen as a means of socially sorting the airline traveller from other types of traveller and from the non-traveller. No matter which way the sorting occurs, in-flight magazine advertising appears to be a powerful medium that overwhelmingly appeals and speaks to privileged groups in society.

Small, J.J. 2008, 'The absence of childhood in tourism studies', Annals Of Tourism Research, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 772-789.
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The meaning of holidays for children and the role of the holiday in constructed subjectivities are largely absent in academic writings. Using the social constructionist research method of memory-work, this study examines memories of childhood holidays of Australian women and girls. It concludes that shared, fun, physical activities are common positive memories of childhood holidays across the generations. At the same time, women's recollection of the imperative to behave responsibly and appropriately constrained their freedom. The paper addresses the implications of the findings for women and girls and questions whether the findings can be explained through cultural shifts in gender relations, the refashioning of experiences over time through memory and narration, or the context in which the memories are produced. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wilson, E., Harris, C. & Small, J.J. 2008, 'Furthering critical approaches in tourism and hospitality studies: Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand', Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 15, pp. 15-18.
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Small, J.J. 2005, 'Women's holidays: disruption of the motherhood myth', Tourism Review International, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 139-154.
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Small, J.J. 2003, 'The voices of older women tourists', Tourism Recreation Research, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 31-39.
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Onyx, J.A. & Small, J.J. 2001, 'Memory-work: The Method', Qualitative Inquiry, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 773-786.
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Small, J.J. 2012, 'Intersecting mobilities: Tourists with vision impairments and their sighted guides', BEST Education Network Think Tank, Greoux-les-Bains, June 2012 in BEST Education Network Think Tank XII - Mobilities and Sustainable Tourism, ed Tiller, T., University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, pp. 280-293.
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Business and Information Annual Conference

Small, J.J. 2010, 'Young women and their physical appearance on holiday', Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education annual conference, Hobart, February 2011 in Annual Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education, ed Crispin, S; Dunn, A; Fishwick, S; Franklin, A; Hanson, D; Reiser, D; Shipway, R; Wells, M; Baxter, C, CAUTHE, Hobart, Australia, pp. 1-21.
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While it is acknowledged that the tourist experience is embodied, few researchers have considered how physical appearance is experienced on holiday. The present study employed the research method, memory-work, to examine how a group of young Australian women felt about their physical appearance on holiday. The study explored whether the holiday was a site in which the women could escape the traditional feminised ideal. The findings suggested that the importance of physical appearance was related to the holiday context (destination and type of holiday) and the people in that context. The women+s perceptions of themselves were formed through reflected appraisal, social comparison and feedback. It was clear that the women felt positive about their appearance when they were toned, tanned and dressed appropriately. Self esteem was lowered when women felt that they did not fit their ideal image. Most memories involved the reinforcement rather than the resistance of the dominant social message of the ideal feminised identity. The negative experiences suggest that women continue to experience inadequacy of their body especially when exposed on the beach. Despite feminist gains in other areas of women+s lives, for the women in this study, the dominant image of the body is still oppressive.

Harris, C. & Small, J.J. 2009, 'Obesity, tourism and discrimination? An investigation of airline 'customer of size' policies', Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education annual conference, Fremantle, February 2009 in Proceedings of the 18th CAUTHE Conference, ed Carlsen, J; Hughes, M; Holmes, K;and Jones, R, Promaco Conventions Pty Ltd, W.A., pp. 1-20.
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This paper explores the potential of airlines to discriminate against obese customers through their direct or indirect `customer of size+ policies, determined though a web survey of the policies of airlines in the One World Alliance and Star Alliance airline groups. The authors argue that discrimination can be a form of exclusion and stigmatisation by the tourism industry. A review of weight stigma theory introduces important frameworks within which the experience of the obese traveller can be considered. Exclusion can occur through non-participation or indirectly through forms of `Othering+ of tourist participants. By calling attention to the experiences of obese travellers and the airline policies we also ask: whose lives are privileged in the provision of the tourist experience? This exploratory research leads the authors to question why tourism scholars have not researched groups such as the obese, which, we argue, also constitute the `Other+. Such an omission raises important questions about ethics and how we conceptualise and research `Tourism+.

Small, J.J. & Harris, C. 2009, 'Obesity and tourism: A critical vision', Critical Tourism Studies Conference Proceedings, Zadar, Croatia, June 2009 in 3rd Critical Tourism Studies Conference Proceedings, ed Richards, V; Raguz, A, Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 560-568.
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The tourism industry in its product/service and promotion has neglected certain groups of tourists, but so too have tourism scholars and researchers. This paper focuses on tourism transportation and obesity. A study of websites and blogsites on the subject reveals that while the industry has been silent, passengers are loud and indignant. The research identifies that the topic is a broad social issue affecting passengers of all sizes. This paper explores issues of discrimination, stigmatisation and `othering+ of travellers who are overweight/ obese. A review of weight stigma theory introduces important frameworks within which we can consider the experience of travellers who are obese. By calling attention to the experiences of travellers who are obese and those who are not, we ask: whose bodies are privileged in the provision of the tourist experience? This study leads the authors to question why tourism scholars have not researched the issue of obesity as this is a `growing+ tourism market Such an omission also raises important questions about ethics and `Othering+ and how we conceptualise and research `Tourism+.

Small, J.J., Harris, C. & McIntosh, A. 2008, 'Whose body is welcome in paradise?', Annual Council for Australian University Tourism and, Gold Coast, February 2008 in Tourism and Hospitality Research, Training and Practice: 'Where the `bloody hell' are we?' Proceedings of the 18th Annual Council for the Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education, CAUTHE, Conference, ed Richardson R; Fredline L; Patiar A; Ternel M, CAUTHE and Griffith University, Queensland, pp. 1-18.
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Tourists experience not only their own body but also other tourists bodies in the tourist experience. This paper explores which bodies from Western developed countries are legitimate to be studied by tourism researchers and which bodies are welcomed by the tourism industry (and destination governments) Exclusion can occur through non-participation or indirectly through forms of 'Othering' of tourist participants. The tourism industry in its product/service and promotion has neglected certain groups of tourists, but so too have tourism scholars and researchers. We ask, whose narratives are absent in the discussion and provision of the tourist experience? Specifically, we call attention to some such `excluded groups: persons who are lesbian, who have non-mobility disabilities, are overweight/obese, are dressed `inappropriately, are unemployed / minimum wage earners and are older senior people. These are the others who have not been researched as the 'Other'. Such omissions raise important questions about ethics and how we conceptualise 'Tourism'.

Harris, C., Small, J.J. & Wilson, E. 2006, 'Flights of fancy? in-flight magazine advertisements and the 'social sorting' of airline travellers', Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education annual conference, Melbourne, Australia, February 2006 in To the city and beyond...: Proceedings of the 16th Annual CAUTHE Conference, ed O'Mahony, G B; Whitelaw, P A, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1421-1434.
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Packer, T., Small, J.J., Darcy, S.A. 2008, 'Tourist experiences of individuals with vision impairments', Sustainable Tourism Co-Operative Research Centre, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 1-37.
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People with visual disabilities Travel Australia. Tourism Research Australia.