Professor Besim Ben-Nissan

Watson, M.P., Ben-Nissan, B. & West, S.T. 2009, It is Material - a practical guide to building materials and materials science for construction engineering and design, The Associates E-Press, Australia.

Duncan, G., Watson, M.P., West, S.T. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2008, OzBuild - A compendium of Australian domestic construction, The Associates E-Press, Australia.
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OzBuild as a "Compendium of Australian Construction" as the anme implies is a comprehensive source of information for allt hose interested in Australian domestic construction. It is a valuable source of information for Building students of all levels, engineers, architects and designers.

Choi, A.H., Matinlinna, J., Conway, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2013, 'Application of Biomaterials and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Nanomedicine and Nanodentistry' in Sarhan M . Musa (ed), Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology, CRC Press, United States, pp. 373-399.
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+Nanostructured materials+ refer to certain materials that have delicate structures and sizes that fall within the range of 1+100 nm. As a consequence of this size, an extensive development of nanotechnology has taken place in the !elds of materials science and engineering in the past decade. Yet, such developments have not come as a surprise, when it is appreciated that these nanostructured materials have the ability to be adapted and integrated into biomedical devices. This is possible because most biological systems, including viruses, membranes and protein complexes, exhibit natural nanostructures.

Ben-Nissan, B., Latella, B.A. & Bendavid, A. 2011, 'Biomedical thin films: Mechanical properties' in P. Ducheyne, K.E. Healy, D.W. Hutmacher, D.W. Grainger, C.J. Kirkpatrick (eds), Comprehensive Biomaterials, Elsevier, USA, pp. 63-73.

Ben-Nissan, B., Choi, A.H., Green, D.W., Latella, B.A., Chou, J. & Bendavid, A. 2011, 'Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanocoatings by Sol-Gel Method for Clinical Applications' in Sam Zhang (ed), Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Processing and Characterization, CRC Press, United States, pp. 37-79.
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Nanostructured materials are associated with a diversity of uses within the medical field, for instance, in drug-delivery systems, regenerative medicine, formation of surgical tools, medical devices, and diagnostic systems. It has long been established that porous bulk hydroxyapatite (HAp) cannot be used for load-bearing applications due to its unfavorable mechanical properties. As a result, HAp has been used instead as a coating in orthopedic surgery on metallic alloys, metals giving the support required. Of the metallic alloys used, titanium-based and cobalt chromium alloys are the preferred materials for these HAp coatings for orthopedic and maxillofacial implants (Figure 2.1).

Green, D.W. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2010, 'Biomimetic applications in regenerative medicine: Scaffolds, transplantation modules, tissue homing devices and stem cells' in Vladimir Torchilin, Mansoor Amiji (eds), Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, Pan Stanford, United States, pp. 821-850.

Ben-Nissan, B., Choi, A.H. & Cordingley, R.L. 2008, 'Alumina ceramics' in Kokubo, T (eds), Bioceramics and their clinical applications, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge UK, pp. 223-242.
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Green, D.W. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2008, 'Biomimetics: Bio-inspired engineering of human tissue scaffolding for regenerative medicine' in Tateishi, T (eds), Biomaterials in Asia, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 364-385.
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Ben-Nissan, B. & Yl+ñnen, H. 2006, 'Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics' in Metin Akay (ed), Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, Wiley-Interscience, United States, pp. 0-0.

Ben-Nissan, B. & Pezzotti, G. 2004, 'Bioceramics - An Introduction' in Hin, T.S. (eds), Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 6-1-6-36.

Ben-Nissan, B., Pezzotti, G. & Muller, W.H. 2004, 'Macromechanics and micromechanics of ceramics' in Totten, G.E.; Liang, H. (eds), Mechanical Tribology: Materials, Characterisation and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 135-184.

Payten, W.M. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2000, 'Development of a Modular Ceramic Knee Prosthesis' in Wise DL; Trantolo DJ; Lewandroowski KU; Gresser JD; Cattaneo MV; Yaszemski MJ (eds), Biomaterials Engineering and Devices; Human Applications, Humana Press, New Jersey USA, pp. 309-336.

Choi, A.H., Matinlinna, J. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2013, 'Effects of micromovement on the changes in stress distribution of partially stabilized zirconia (PS-ZrO2) dental implants and bridge during clenching: A three-dimensional finite element analysis', Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 71, pp. 72-81.
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Objective. This investigation aims to evaluate the changes in stress magnitudes and distributions on Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PS-ZrO2) dental implants and bridges and on the mandible caused by fibrous encapsulations during clenching. Materials and methods. Four 3.26 mm diameter PS-ZrO2 dental implants with lengths of 12 mm were modelled and placed in the second premolar and first molar region on both sides of the mandible model. A rigid zirconia bridge with a thickness of 0.5 mm connects the PS-ZrO2 dental implants placed in the second premolar and first molar. Four periodontal ligament (PDL) case studies were examined: PDL in the second premolars; PDL in the first molars; PDL in both the second premolars and first molars; and no PDL present. Results. The results reveal the magnitudes and distributions of stresses on the dental implants and connecting bridges were governed by the PDLs. A significant drop in stress levels were recorded when the PDL encapsulates the roots of the dental implants. Of the four PDL case studies, it was found that when the PDLs are present in both the second premolars and first molars the lowest stress magnitudes are generated. The analysis also revealed that, during the healing process after implant insertion and the result of fibrous encapsulation, the dental implant system will experience a varying amount of stress levels. Conclusion. This study was intended to produce more insight into the influence of the PDL on the changes in stress distribution on the dental implant system during clenching.

Choi, A.H., Matinlinna, J. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2012, 'Finite element stress analysis of Ti-6Al-4V and partially stabilized zirconia dental implant during clenching', Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 353-361.
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Objective. The purpose of this paper is to compare the differences in stress between Ti-6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implant during clenching and whether these changes are clinically signi?cant to limit the use of zirconia in oral implantology. Materials and methods. The model geometry was derived from position measurements taken from 28 diamond blade cut cross-sections of an average size human adult edentulous mandible and generated using a special sequencing method. Data on anatomical, structural, functional aspects and material properties were obtained from measurements and published data. Ti- 6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implants were modelled as cylindrical structure with a diameter of 3.26 mm and length of 12.00 mm was placed in the ?rst molar region on the right hemimandible. Results. The analysis revealed an increase of 2+3% in the averaged tensile and compressive stress and an increase of 8% in the averaged Von Mises stress were recorded in the bone+implant interface when PS-ZrO2 dental implant was used instead of Ti-6Al-4V dental implant. The results also revealed only relatively low levels of stresses were transferred from the implant to the surrounding cortical and cancellous bone, with the majority of the stresses transferred to the cortical bone. Conclusion. Even though high magnitudes of tensile, compressive and Von Mises stresses were recorded on the Ti-6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implants and in the surrounding osseous structures, the stresses may not be clinically critical since the mechanical properties of the implant material and the cortical and cancellous bone could withstand stress magnitudes far greater than those recorded in this analysis.

Green, D.W., Li, G., Milthorpe, B.K. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2012, 'Adult stem cell coatings for regenerative medicine', Materials Today, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 60-66.
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Stem cells can become potent tools for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as heart failure, eye disease and osteoarthritis. Housing stem cells inside a hydrogel coating, directly deposited around them individually and in groups, may be an important solution to the problem of increasing stem cell viability and protection in cultivation. Such coatings can target regulatory proteins and genes for maintenance, differentiation and development into tissues. Already polymer coatings are being applied directly to protect insulin producing pancreatic islet cells in the hope of treating type I diabetes. Here, we review current emerging developments in adult mesenchymal stem cell nanocoating and microcoating techniques and assess their unique practical engineering, biological and potential clinical advantages.

Huggett, P., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2012, 'Composite alloy wear parts for use in the mining industry', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 23-29.

Chou, J., Ben-Nissan, B., Green, D.D., Valenzuela, S. & Kohan, L. 2011, 'Targeting And Dissolution Characteristics Of Bone Forming And Antibacterial Drugs By Harnessing The Structure Of Microspherical Shells From Coral Beach Sand', Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 93-99.
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Pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases lead to a number of side effects due to the their uncontrollable dispersion throughout the body.([1]) Therefore, many groups directed their research to develop devices that are targeted to

Roest, R., Latella, B., Heness, G.L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2011, 'Adhesion of sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite nanocoatings on anodised pure titanium and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy substrates', Surface & Coatings Technology, vol. 205, no. 11, pp. 3520-3529.
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The mechanical properties and adhesion behaviour of sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocoatings on commercially pure (cp) titanium (Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloy have been determined and related to anodising treatment. The surface roughness, wetting and coating characteristics were examined using profilometry, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nano-indentation was used to determine the Young's modulus and hardness of the coatings, while microtensile tests were used to introduce controlled strains in the coatings through the cp Ti and TiAl6V4 alloy substrates, from which the strength, fracture toughness and adhesion behaviour could be ascertained based on multiple cracking and delamination events. The toughness of the HA coatings is found to be slightly lower to that of equivalent bulk pure HA ceramics. The substrate and the anodized layer thickness have the most influence on the interfacial adhesion of HA, with nanocoatings on Ti6Al4V exhibiting superior interfacial bonding in comparison to cp Ti.

Chou, J., Green, D.W. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2010, 'New slow drug delivery materials and systems for biomedical applications', Materials Australia, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 37-41.

Cordingley, R.L., Kohan, L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2010, 'What Happens To Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density After Hip Resurfacing Surgery?', Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery-British Volume, vol. 92b, no. 12, pp. 1648-1653.
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The major advantage of hip resurfacing is the decreased amount of bone resection compared with a standard total hip replacement. Fracture of the femoral neck is the most common early complication and poor bone quality is a major risk factor. We undertook a prospective consecutive case control study examining the effect of bone mineral density changes in patients undergoing hip resurfacing surgery. A total of 423 patients were recruited with a mean age of 54 years (24 to 87). Recruitment for this study was dependent on pre-operative bilateral femoral bone mineral density results not being osteoporotic. The operated and non-operated hips were assessed. Bone mineral density studies were repeated over a two-year period. The results showed no significant deterioration in the bone mineral density in the superolateral region in the femoral neck, during that period.

Chou, J., Shimmon, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2009, 'Bisphosphonate determination using H-1-NMR spectroscopy for biomedical applications', Journal Of Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 92-96.
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Bisphosphonate is known to be a very active drug in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone regeneration. A new method has been developed, utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and measure the amount of bisphosphonate in solution. A standard reference with similar functional group to that of the bisphosphonate was chosen and applied in the experimentation. The results showed that the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-NMR) in determining the solvent residues of various pharmaceutical drugs has proved to be effective. Unlike chromatography, it is possible to use a universal reference standard as an internal standard assayed by quantitative NMR. Using the same theory, this method is capable of both identifying and quantifying the bisphosphonate in various solutions. This paper is the first publication showing this unique measurement method, which can be used in a range of pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Nowak, D., Florek, M., Kwiatek, W., Lekki, J., Chevallier, P., Hacura, A., Wrzalik, R., Ben-Nissan, B., Van Grieken, R. & Kuczumow, A. 2009, 'Morphology and the chemical make-up of the inorganic components of black corals', Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1029-1038.
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Black corals (Cnidaria, Antipatharia) from three different sources were investigated with the aim of detecting inorganic components and their morphology. In general, the skeleton of black corals was composed of the chitin fibrils admixed with peptides and the chitin presence was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and microRaman Microscopy, the latter giving the opportunity of tracing single fibrils and their location. The composition and concentrations of the inorganic components of the black corals were measured, using a scanning electron microprobe and micro-Particle Induced X-ray Emission (mu-PIXE). The application of such instruments enabled the estimation of the constituent distributions in a microscale. The mapping option was the most useful technique of making analyses in these studies, just to reveal the composition of chamber-like cells. Analysis of the morphology and microstructure showed that there were three distinct regions within the coral: a core and the cells encircled with adjacent interface gluing strips. The majority of the elements analyzed were selectively distributed and segregated in a striking way in mentioned distinctive zones of the skeleton and it was detected for the first time. The core area was characterized by the relatively elevated concentrations of Ca. The measurements gave extremely clear images of the distribution of particular elements in the skeletal tissue, with I, Ca, K and Fe much more concentrated in the gluing zones, while C, N, Na and Mg present in the interiors of particular skeletal cells. The distribution of some elements (Mg, Fe) and some compounds (chitin) and functional groups (S-S, C-I) allows differentiating the biological and mechanical functions of particular fragments of the rods

Nowak, D., Florek, M., Nowak, J., Kwiatek, W., Lekki, J., Chevallier, P., Hacura, A., Wrzalik, R., Ben-Nissan, B., Van Grieken, R. & Kuczumow, A. 2009, 'Morphology and the chemical make-up of the inorganic components of black corals', Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 29, pp. 1029-1038.
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Black corals (Cnidaria, Antipatharia) from three different sources were investigated with the aim of detecting inorganic components and their morphology. In general, the skeleton of black corals was composed of the chitin fibrils admixed with peptides and the chitin presence was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and microRaman Microscopy, the latter giving the opportunity of tracing single fibrils and their location. The composition and concentrations of the inorganic components of the black corals were measured, using a scanning electron microprobe and micro-Particle Induced X-ray Emission (mu-PIXE). The application of such instruments enabled the estimation of the constituent distributions in a microscale. The mapping option was the most useful technique of making analyses in these studies, just to reveal the composition of chamber-like cells. Analysis of the morphology and microstructure showed that there were three distinct regions within the coral: a core and the cells encircled with adjacent interface gluing strips. The majority of the elements analyzed were selectively distributed and segregated in a striking way in mentioned distinctive zones of the skeleton and it was detected for the first time. The core area was characterized by the relatively elevated concentrations of Ca. The measurements gave extremely clear images of the distribution of particular elements in the skeletal tissue, with I, Ca, K and Fe much more concentrated in the gluing zones, while C, N, Na and Mg present in the interiors of particular skeletal cells. The distribution of some elements (Mg, Fe) and some compounds (chitin) and functional groups (S-S, C-I) allows differentiating the biological and mechanical functions of particular fragments of the rods.

Heness, G.L., Booth, N.G. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2008, 'Does size matter? the effect of volume on the compressive strength of open cell brittle ceramics', Advanced Materials Research, vol. 41-42, pp. 221-226.
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This study investigates the effect of specimen volume o the compressive strenmgth of open cell brittle ceramics. A siries of unconfined compression tests were carried out on specimens ranging in volume. The crushing strength and apparent stiffness were measured and these results are correlated with the volume of material stressed. It was found that as the volume of material tested decreased the strength decreased.

Kealley, C.S., Latella, B.A., Van Riessen, A., Elcombe, M. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2008, 'Micro- and Nano-Indentation of a Hydroxyapatite-Carbon Nanotube Composite', Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 3936-3941.
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The mechanical properties of pure synthetic hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites were examined. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation using a Berkovich tipped indenter were used to determine the hardness, fracture toughness an

Lewis, K.C., Valenzuela, S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2008, 'Changes in the Activity of Osteoblast Like Cells with Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite and Zirconia Nanocoatings', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 361-363, no. 1, pp. 633-636.
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When producing implant materials, achievement of optimal bioactivity and biocompatibility are essential. Nanocoatings can provide an efficient cost effective way to alter the interactions of the implant material with its destined +host+ environment. Nanocoatings of sol-gel derived carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) and zirconia were produced in this study. The surfaces were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and light microscopy. Cell adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP is an indicator of bone formation) were assessed as indicators of biocompatibility. Our results have shown that sol-gel derived nano crystalline HAp acts as an ideal surface for implant coatings.

Chalasani, R., Poole-Warren, L.A., Conway, R.M. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Porous Orbital Implants In Enucleation: A Systematic Review', Survey Of Ophthalmology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 145-155.
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Orbital implants have been used for cosmesis following surgical removal of the eyeball, or enucleation, for over a century. Implant design has progressed significantly in recent years with the use of porous devices, with the theoretical advantages of red

Chalasani, R., Poole-Warren, L., Conway, R.M. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Porous orbital implants in enucleation: A systematic review', Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 145-155.
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Orbital implants have been used for cosmesis following surgical removal of the eyeball, or enucleation, for over a century. Implant design has progressed significantly in recent years with the use of porous devices, with the theoretical advantages of reduced complications and improved cosmesis. However, in some cases the theoretical benefits have not fully translated into clinical results. In this article the use of orbital implants in enucleation, with a particular focus on the newer porous biomaterials that have gained prominence over the last 15 years, is reviewed. Specific factors identified as affecting the performance of porous orbital implants include the material used, pore size, and morphology. Mechanical factors have received little consideration in the past and may form a basis for the use of higher compliance porous materials in the future. Of the porous materials in use, Current clinical evidence is not. sufficient to suggest either that porous implants are superior to non-porous implants, or that one material is more suited to the application than another. Future developments in this field require randomized controlled clinical trials with extensive follow-up as complications may not become evident until over 5 years post-implantation.

Choi, A.H. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Sol-gel Production Of Bioactive Nanocoatings For Medical Applications. Part II: Current Research And Development', Nanomedicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 51-61.
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Over the years, the use of hydroxyapatite as coatings for medical devices and drug-delivery systems has gone through a revolution - from being a rarity to being an absolute necessity. Without these coatings, many medical implants and devices would never

Chou, J., Ben-Nissan, B., Choi, A.H., Wuhrer, R. & Green, D. 2007, 'Conversion of coral sand to calcium phosphate for biomedical applications', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 44-48.
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Coral sand grains were analysed using simultaneous differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). These techniques were performed to confirm the characteristics and properties as well as the composition of the coral sand grains. Imaging of the full surface topography were conducted inthe ESEM. After characterisation coral sand grains were treated for impurities and organic materials were subsequently removed. The materials were then converted to calcium phosphates utilising hydrothermal treatment. The results have shown that the coral sand grains were composed of calcium carbonate with a network of uniform inner porous structure. The ESEM has provided valuable information through the imaging of the samples which in turn allowed a comparison of the pore sizes before and after the hydrothermal treatment. The current study shows that the coral sand to be a promising source of converted calcium carbonate to calium phosphates for biomedical applications.

Huggett, P.G. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Development of a low melting point white cast iron for use in composite alloy manufacture', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 16-23.
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White cast iorn ares used extensively throughout the mining industry for their wear resistant properties. Since their original development in the early 1900s researchers have continued to develop a range of white cast iron composites with varying degrees of hardness, toughness or corrosion resistance.

Lewis, K.C., Choi, A.H., Chou, J. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Nanoceramics in medical applications', Materials Australia, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 32-34.

Roest, R.S., Atanacio, A.J., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'An investigation of sol gel coated zirconia thin films on anodised titanium substrate by secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 160-163.
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Roest, R.S., Atanacio, A.J., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'An investigation of sol gel coated zirconia thin films on anodised titanium substrate by secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy', Materials Forum, vol. 31, pp. 160-163.
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Zirconia sol-gel-derived ceramic coatings have a variety of uses, due to their ease of production and ability to coat complex shapes. The sol-gel's nanocrystalline grain structure results in improved mechanical properties of the zirconia coating, which further aids their use in a variety of applications from thermal barrier coating to improved tribological properties on titanium substrates. Stabilised zirconia thin films were spin coated on anodised titanium substrates. The titanium was anodised in a dilute H3PO 4ZH2SO4 solution before spin coating with the zirconia sol gel. These films were then studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), to depth profile the elemental species through to the titanium substrate. In conjunction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis were used to examine the craters formed by SIMS to gain an understanding of the diffusion gradient existing with the anodised titanium substrate and zirconia thin film.

Ben-Nissan, B. & Choi, A.H. 2006, 'Sol-gel production of bioactive nanocoatings for medical applications. Part 1 An Introdction', Nanomedicine, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 311-319.
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Coatings offer the possibility of modifying the surface properties of surgical-grade materials to achieve improvements in performance, reliability and biocompatibility. Sol-gel derived coatings demonstrate promise owing to their relative ease of production, ability to form a physically and chemically pure and uniform coating over complex geometric shapes and potential to deliver exceptional mechanical properties owing to their nanocrystalline structure. Other advantages unique to sol-gel include the production of a homogenous material, since mixing takes place on the atomic scale, and its relatively low processing temperature avoids decomposition of the coating materials and limits the damage ti metallic substrate materials as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures. A range of materials can eb adapted easily for a number of biomedical and engineering applciations.

Huggett, P.G., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2006, 'Composite alloy wear parts for use in the mining industry', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 23-29.
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New methods for manufacturing alloy composites have been used to produce a number of wear parts for the mining industry. The use of composites incorporating white cast iron and steel permit brittle and wear resistant materials tobe used in applications where moderate impact conditions are encountered. Analysis of the alloy composite interfaces has provided an enhanced undertsnading of the bonding mechanisms between the white cast iron and the steel and has also permitted further improvements in the manufacturing techniques. Analysis methods used to examine the interfacial features include quantative x-ray mapping (QXRM) and electron beam backscattered diffraction (EMSD) mapping. Examples of successful field trials include mineral sands and wear parts for heavy earthmoving equipment.

Kealley, C.S., Ben-Nissan, B., Van Riessen, A. & Elcombe, M. 2006, 'Development of carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 597-600.
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This paper reports development of a production method to produce a composite material that is biocompatible, with high mechanical strength and resilience. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp

Kealley, C.S., Ben-Nissan, B., van Riessen, A. & Elcombe, M. 2006, 'Development of carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 385, no. SI, pp. 496-498.
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This paper reports development of a production method to create a composite material that is biocompatible, which will have high mechanical strength and resilience, and be able to withstand exposure to the physiological environment. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of single-phase synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) and a HAp and carbon nanotube (CNT) composite material have been optimised. Neutron diffraction patterns collected before and after sintering show that the nanotubes have remained intact within the structure, while most of the remaining soot has burnt off. Small-angle neutron scattering, in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), also shows preservation of the CNTs. Hot isostatically pressed samples showed excellent densification. Neutron diffraction data has enabled the positions of the hydroxide bonds to be determined, and shown that the addition of the CNTs has had no effect on the structural parameters of the HAp phase, with the exception of a slight reduction in the unit cell parameter a.

Kealley, C.S., Ben-Nissan, B., van Riessen, A. & Elcombe, M. 2006, 'Development of carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. part 1-2, pp. 597-602.
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This paper reports development of a production method to produce a composite material that is biocompatible, with high mechanical strength and resilience. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) were determined and include pH, temperature and rate of reaction. A gas phase purification method was optimised to remove the soot impurity from the nanotubes, with transmission electron microscopy showing the preservation of the carbon nanotubes. Subsequent development of chemical and physical reinforcement techniques to produce a HAp + carbon nanotube composite material have been trialled. Hot isostatically pressed samples showed excellent densification and strength.

Kealley, C.S., Elcombe, M., Van Riessen, A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2006, 'Neutron characterisation of hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 61-64.
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This paper reports neutron diffraction data and its analysis that characterise a biocompatible hydroxyapatite composite material. The neutron data has elucidated the crystal structure, and enabled the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be determined. The data also shows the improvement of crystallinity during the heat treatment process. An extension of the work involved looking at a hydroxyapatite - carbon nanotube composite material, and neutron diffraction has shown that the retention of the carbon nanotubes in the composite material has been successful. The nanotubes have had no affect on the hydroxyapatite structure.

Lewis, K.C., Boonyang, U., Evans, L.A., Siripaisarnpipat, S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2006, 'A comparative study of Thai and Australian crocodile bone for use as a potential biomaterial', Bioceramics 18, Pts 1 And 2, Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 15-18.
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This study aims to characterize the structure and properties of crocodile bone to assess the potential for use in biomedical applications. Crocodile bone samples obtained from Thailand (Crocodylus siamensis) and Australia (Crocodylus porosus), being the

Lewis, K.C., Boonyang, U., Evans, L.A., Siripaisarnpipat, S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2006, 'A comparative study of Thai and Australian crocodile bone for use as a potential biomaterial', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. Part 1-2, pp. 15-18.
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This study aims to characterize the structure and properties of crocodile bone to assess the potential for use in biomedical applications. Crocodile bone samples obtained from Thailand (Crocodylus siamensis) and Australia (Crocodylus porosus), being the tail and the tibia respectively, were treated to remove organic material and the inner spongy (trabecular) material. The dense cortical bone was used for comparative instrumental analyses. Specific comparisons were made against bovine cortical bone and pure synthetic hydroxyapatite. The material was then analyzed using simultaneous differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Imaging of full bone samples was also conducted using an environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The SEM provided valuable information through the imaging of samples, showing a marked increase in bone porosity for crocodile material when compared to bovine samples. The crystallinity and/or crystallite size of carbonated hydroxyapatite has been found to be lower than synthetic apatite, with the tibia being the least crystalline of the bone types studied. The crystallinity index (CI) is used as a measure of crystallite size and internal strain. The strain is affected by substitutions in the structure and these results provide a starting point for comparison of the resulting mechanical properties. There is a need for any biomaterial chosen for bone replacement to allow adequate osteointegration. Thus the study this far shows that crocodile bone is a very promising source of carbonated apatite for biomedical applications.

Okano, H., Hasegawa, K., Ben-Nissan, B. & Standard, O.C. 2006, 'Preparation of piezoelectric thin films and their applications to GHz band surface acoustic wave devices', Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 14-20.

Ramaswamy, Y., Ben-Nissan, B., Roest, R.S., Haynes, D. & Zreiqat, H. 2006, 'Human osteoclasts behaviour on sol-gel derived carbonate hydroxyapatite coatings on anodized titanium alloy substrates', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 709-712.
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Titanium alloy has been used as a material for orthopaedic implants, however drawbacks still exist. Considerable efforts have been taken to modify the surface structure of the implant material and improve the biological performance. Previously we have de

Roest, R.S., Heness, G.L., Latella, B.A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2006, 'Fracture toughness of nanoscale hydroxapatite coatings on titanium substrates', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 306-308, no. 1, pp. 1307-1312.
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In the biomedical field, the surface modification of titanium aims to inhibit wear, reduce corrosion and ion release, and promote biocompatibility. Sol-gel-derived ceramic nanoscale coatings show promise due to their relative ease of production, ability

Choi, A.H., Ben-Nissan, B. & Conway, R.M. 2005, 'Three-dimensional modelling and finite element analysis of the human mandible during clenching', Australian Dental Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 42-48.
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Background. Until recently, very few papers have been published concerning the development, analysis and experimental verification of three-dimensional, finite element modelling of the human adult edentulous mandible. The purpose of this study was to imp

Huggett, P.G., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2005, 'A novel metallurgical bonding process and microstructural analysis of ferrous alloy composites', Materials Forum, vol. 29, pp. 83-88.
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A group of ferrous alloy composites have veen produced using a novel vacuum casting process. The bonding and the interfacial analysis of these composites has been studied using various techniques including: optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis, X-ray mapping (XRM and electron back scattered diffraction (EBDS). A number of phase changes and unique microstructural features have been observed. Some of thes microsturctural features are the result of the solidification process, whilst other changes have resulted from diffusion of elements across the composite interface. This study demonstrates the uniqueness of the vacuum casting process as an efficient bonding process and the importance of comparing data from a variety of analytical techniques to enable a thorough model of the solidification and diffusion processes to be properly developed.

Lewis, K.C., Kealley, C.S., Elcombe, M., Van Riessen, A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2005, 'Neutron diffraction comparison of bone derived and synthetic hydroxyapatite', Journal of Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 52-55.
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This paper reports neutron diffraction data and its analysis of bone derived hydroxyapatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp). FTIR spectroscopy showed a number of changes in the bone derived hydroxyapatite as a function of temperature, and that firing at 600C provides an increased crystallinity without decomposition of the HAp. The neutron diffraction data has elucidated the crystal structure of both materials, and enabled the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be accurately determined, and the lattice parameters to be compared. The only noticeable difference was a slight reduction in the lattice parameter a, and in increase in c in the bone derived HAp material. This can be attributed to the residual carbonate phase. The data also shows the improvement of crystallinity of the bovine bone suring the heat treatment process.

Nowak, D., Florek, M., Nowak, J., Kwiatek, W., Lekki, J., Zieba, E., Romero, P.G., Ben-Nissan, B. & Kuczumow, A. 2005, 'Micro-spectrometric investigations of inorganic components of the black corals for biomedical applications', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 284-286, no. 1, pp. 297-300.
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The distribution of about twenty inorganic elements was traced in the skeletons of black corals of the Anipathes salix species. Electron microprobe and PIXE mappings revealed the peculiar structure of this material, composed of the large cells (arranged in annual rings) surrounded by thin layers with an elevated level of iodine (up to 5%). Our current knowledge of the chemical composition of these corals' skeleton is not complete. Essentially the organic skeleton is saturated with inorganic elements and several of these could be comercially important. In fact, they have never been investigated for biomedical applications. In the preliminary current work, black corals from the Antipathes salix species were studied with the aim of detecting the inorganic components of their matrix and their suitability as biomedical materials.

Zreiqat, H., Roest, R.S., Valenzuela, S., Milev, A.S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2005, 'Human bone derived cell (HBDC) behaviour of sol-gel derived carbonate hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy substrates', Bioceramics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 541-544.
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Poor cell adhesion to orthopaedic and dental implants results in implant failure. Establishing and maintaining mature bone at the bone/device interface is critical to the long-term success of the prostheses. Considerable effort has been devoted to alter

Zreiqat, H., Valenzuela, S., Ben-Nissan, B., Roest, R.S., Knabe, C., Radlanski, R.J., Renz, H. & Evans, P.A. 2005, 'The effect of surface chemistry modification of titanium alloy on signalling pathways in human osteoblasts', Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 36, pp. 7579-7586.
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Establishing and maintaining mature bone at the bone-device interface is critical to the long-term success of prosthesis. Poor cell adhesion to orthopaedic and dental implants results in implant failure. Considerable effort has been devoted to alter the

Ben-Nissan, B., Milev, A.S. & Vago, R. 2004, 'Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite', Biomaterials, vol. 25, pp. 4971-4975.
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Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Nanoceramics in biomedical applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, pp. 28-32.
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An improved understanding of the interactions at the anoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies. Overall the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and wear resistance in articulating joints. The continuous development of new-generation impalnts untilising nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leaf=ding to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short oevrview odf bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanosensors as biomaterials.

Heness, G.L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Innovative bioceramics', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 104-114.
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Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new methods is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure properties relationshp and in general, for obtaining new directives for thier further improvement. This paper gives an overview of some of the more innovative applications of bioceramics in medicine.

Heness, G.L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Innovative Bioceramics', Materials Forum, vol. 27, no. 2004, pp. 104-114.
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Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new methods is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructureproperties relationship and, in general, for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview of some of the more innovative applications of bioceramics in medicine.

McCutcheon, A.L., Kannangara, G.K., Wilson, M.A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Preliminary analysis of pore distributions using NMR in natural coral and hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 39, pp. 5711-5717.
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Pore size distributions in an Australian coral from Goniopora sp have been measured by mercury intrusion, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant result is that NMR predicts nanopores which could be seen visibly. The methods give similar results as mercury intrusion for large pores around 100um but differ for smaller pores. Differences between NMR and mercury intrusion are equated using a non linear sigmoidal regression model. The NMR method was also compared with mercury intrusion methods to measure pore sizes on hydroxyapatite conversion products which have promise as bio-implants. Differences between samples due to errors in the methodology are discussed. Together all three methods are shown to complement each other.

Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K., Ben-Nissan, B. & Wilson, M.A. 2004, 'Temperature effects on a hydroxyapatite precursor solution', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 18, pp. 5516-5521.
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Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy has been used to monitor synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from diethyl hydrogen phosphonate and calcium diethoxide in solution at two different temperatures. Acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate, and acetyl ethyl phosphonate have been identified for the first time in this reaction solution as intermediates. The formation of these compounds is shown to be crucial in controlling the phase purity of the final hydroxyapatite product. A possible mechanism for the formation of acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate is discussed.

Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Natural bioceramcs: from coral to bone and beyond', Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, vol. 7, pp. 283-288.
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Clarke, I.C., Manaka, M., Williams, P.A., Pezzotti, G., Kim, Y.H., Ries, M.D., Sugano, N., Sedel, L., Delauney, C., Ben-Nissan, B., Donaldson, T., Gustafson, G.A. & Green, D.D. 2003, 'Current status of zirconia used in total hip implants', The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume, vol. 85A, no. 4, pp. 73-84.
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Cordingley, R.L., Kohan, L., Ben-Nissan, B. & Pezzotti, G. 2003, 'Aluminia and zirconia bioceramics in orthopaedic applications', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 20-28.
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Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Morphological stability of hydroxyapatite precursor', Materials Letters, vol. 57, no. 13-14, pp. 1960-1965.
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Ben-Nissan, B. & Pezzotti, G. 2002, 'Bioceramics: processing routes and mechanisal evaluation', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 7, pp. 601-608.
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Radchik, V.S., Ben-Nissan, B. & Muller, W.H. 2002, 'Semi-graphical methods for the calculation of real areas of loaded contact by means of the Abbott-firestone bearing curve', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 223-226.
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Radchik, V.S., Ben-Nissan, B. & Muller, W.H. 2002, 'Theoretical modelling of surface asperity depression into an elastic foundation under static loading', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. N/A, pp. 852-856.
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Southon, P.D., Bartlett, J.R., Woolfrey, J.L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2002, 'Formation and characterisation of an aqueous zirconium hydroxide colloid', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4313-4319.
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Among the wide variety of routes reported for the chemical synthesis of zirconia, the development of simple, aqueous sol-gel technology is of considerable interest for industrial-scale applications. In this study, zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles were produced by the controlled hydrolysis of zirconium carbonate in nitric acid, followed by gentle heating at 70 ¦C. Transparent, colorless gels were subsequently produced from the concentrated sols (500 g/L, oxide basis) by drying at ambient temperature. The nanoparticle sols and gels were characterized using a range of techniques, including EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and SAXS, which revealed the presence of platelike particles of width 2.8 ¦ 0.4 nm and thickness 0.5 ¦ 0.1 nm. The platelets exhibit a surprisingly high degree of short-range ordering, and it is demonstrated that they are composed of stacked layers of two-dimensional +[Zr(OH)4]n+ sheets, as proposed (but not established) in earlier studies. The speciation of the nitrate anions in the sols was also investigated by Raman and 14N NMR, which revealed that the majority of anions were closely associated with the nanoparticles (i.e., separated from the surface by several layers of coordinated water molecules), rather than coordinated directly to the surface. The role of such species in maintaining the stability of the nanoparticle sols is discussed.

Ben-Nissan, B., Green, D.D., Kannangara, G.K., Chai, C.S. & Milev, A.S. 2001, 'P-31 NMR Studies of Diethyl Phosphite Derived Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite', Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol. 21, pp. 27-37.
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P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of the intermediate species of sol derived from triethyl phosphite, calcium diethoxide and acetic acid. NMR spectral data revealed that the reaction proceeds via a dialkyl phosphite intermediate. The use of a dialkyl phosphite precursor (diethyl phosphite) with calcium diethoxide eliminated the aging time required in triethylphosphite method and offered an effective sol-gel procedure for monophasic hydroxyapatite.

Hu, J., Russell, J.J., Ben-Nissan, B. & Vago, R. 2001, 'Production and Analysis of Hydroxyapatite fromAustralian Corals Via Hydrothermal Process', Journal of Materials Science Letters, vol. 20, pp. 85-87.
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Radchik, V.S., Ben-Nissan, B. & Muller, W.J. 2001, 'The Graph-Analytical Method of Determination of the Actual Contact Area of the Rough Surface Using the Specified Curve of Abbot-Firestone', Friction And Wear Treniei-Izo s, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 282-288.
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Hu, J., Fraser, R., Russell, J.J., Ben-Nissan, B. & Vago, R. 2000, 'Australian Coral as a Biomaterial: Characteristics', Journals of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 591-595.

Miao, X. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2000, 'Microstructure and Propertiues of Zirconia-Alumina Nanolaminate Sol-Gel Coatings', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 35, no. 0, pp. 497-502.

Chai, C.S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 1999, 'Bioactive nanocrystalline sol-gel hydroxyapatite coatings', Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, vol. 10, pp. 465-469.
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Sol-gel technology offers an alternative technique for producing bioactive surfaces for improved bone attachment. Previous work indicated that monophasic hydroxyapatite coatings were difficult to produce. In the present work hydroxyapatite was synthesize

Heness, G.L., Ben-Nissan, B., Gan, L. & Mai, Y. 1999, 'Development of a finite element micromodel for metal matrix composites', Computational Materials Science, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 259-269.
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A finite element micromodel has been developed based on real microstructures. The method of modelling is unique in that displacements calculated from large-specimen models are used as boundary conditions to model more accurately at the microstructural le

Chai, C.S., Whittall, A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 1998, 'Critical ageing of hydroxyapatite sol-gel solutions', Biomaterials, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 2291-2296.
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It has been established that hydroxyapatite coatings can be produced using an alkoxide based sol-gel technique. Previous work showed that in addition to hydroxyapatite other phases including CaO were observed. A critical factor in determining the composi

Whittall, A., Chai, C.S., Kannangara, G.K., Ben-Nissan, B. & Hanley, L. 1998, 'Thin hydroxyapatite coatings via sol-gel synthesis', Journal Of Materials Science-materials In Medicine, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 839-843.
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Production of hydroxyapatite coatings using an alkoxide-based sol-gel route requires control of solution aging time and heating schedule. P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes during aging of the sol and thermal

Paterson, M.J., McCulloch, D.G., Paterson, P.J. & Ben-Nissan, B. 1997, 'The morphology and structure of sol-gel derived zirconia films on stainless steel', Thin Solid Films, vol. 311, no. 1-2, pp. 196-206.
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Sol-gel zirconia films of various thicknesses were deposited on 316 stainless steel and treated using one of two firing regimes. The resulting effect on the structure of these films was investigated. One set of films were fired using a regime typically e

Payten, W.M. & Ben-Nissan, B. 1997, 'Optimal structure formation using a chaotic self-organisational algorithm', Computers & Graphics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 685-688.
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Optimal engineering shape design is becoming increasingly important as the efficient utilisation of material can account for significant cost savings during production. Traditional optimisation techniques based on finite element analysis using functional

Lewis, K.C., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B., Valenzuela, S. & Moran, K. 2009, 'X-ray mapping of minerals incorporated into liposomes', Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009, Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 2009 in Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009, ed Technical committee, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 908-909.
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Liposomes are spherical particles in an aqueous medium formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. They have been long considered as a potential delivery device in the medical and pharmaceutical industries due to their ability to encapsulate different compounds, as the lipids form into liposomes. The ability of these liposomes to be stored in the body, and to be taken up by cells, makes them ideal for drug delivery. They can also potentially increase the efficiency of supplements, particularly those with no accumulation toxicity.

Brown, T.A., Kohan, L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'Assessment by finite element analysis of the impact of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis on hip resurfacing', Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, December 2007 in Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics (ACAM 2007), ed Veidt, Martin, Albermani, Faris, Daniel, Bill, Griffiths, John, Hargreaves, Doug, McAree, Ross, Meehan, Paul and Tan, Andy, Engineers Australia, Australia, pp. 271-276.
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Hip resurfacing is proposed as an alternative to total hip replacement (THR) for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), especially for younger, heavier and more active sufferers. There is however, concern with regards to the incidence of post operative femoral neck fractures. We have investigated, with finite element models, the changes in stress and strain in the femoral neck following hip resurfacing. We have included several different bone material property values representing normal, elderly, osteoarthritic and osteoporotic bone. We have also modelled two different hip implant orientations. We have shown that hip resurfacing may increase the magnitude of stress and strain in the femoral neck, especially in osteoporotic bone. We have also shown that the superolateral offset associated with the valgus orientation, not the valgus orientation itself, may be what reduces the stress and strain in the neck and leads to lower incidence of fracture.

Heness, G.L. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2006, 'Porous phosphate bonded alumina strengthened and toughened with limited additions of second phase particles', Structural Integrity and Failure, Sydney, September 2006 in International Conference and Exhibition on Strurctural Integrity and Failure, ed Hoffman M, Price S, Australia Fracture Group & Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia, Web, pp. 324-330.
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Flexural strength, diametral strength, fracture toughness and fracture surface energy of phosphate, bonded alumina composites were all found to increase with a limited addition of either silicon nitirde of partially stabilised zirconia particles. the addition of monoclinic zirconia and glass spheres showed little improvement of the above properties. These increases in strength are explained using crack bowing theory.

Wuhrer, R., Huggett, P.G., Moran, K., Phillips, M.R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2005, 'EBSD and XRM of Phases in Vacuum Cast Composite Alloys', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 2005 in Proceeding Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol 11 (S2), ed R. Price et al., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 1678-1679.
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There have been a number f new processes developed that allow the joining of very dissimilar materials such as titanium alloys, wear resistant white irons, cast irons and ceramic materials to ferrous (mild steel) and non-ferrous (aluminium) alloys. These new processes have allowed the development of more complex composite shapes to be produced. However, with any new process development, an undertsnating of the mechanism of bonding is required. through the use of x-ray mapping (XRM), chemical phase imaging as well as electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analsysis, very useful information on the mass transport across the interface as well as phase segregation, texture variations and phase distribution within the bond interface can be obtained. results from this investigation on a number of bonded materials are presented and the importance of XRM and EBSD in providing a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in metallurgical bonding/welding of dissimilar materials discussed.

Ben-Nissan, B., Milev, A.S., Vago, R., Conway, R.M. & Diwan, A. 2004, 'Sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite for load bearing applications', International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Portugal, November 2003 in Bioceramics, Vol 16, ed NA, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich-Uetikon, pp. 301-304.
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Choi, A.H., Conway, R.C. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Finite element analysis of ceramic dental implants incorporated into the human mandible', International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Portugal, November 2003 in Bioceramics, Vol 16, ed Barbosa M; Monteiro F; Correia R; Leon B, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich-Uetikon, pp. 707-710.
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Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K., Ben-Nissan, B. & Wilson, M.A. 2004, 'Template directed synthesis of nanosized bone-like apatite', Oz Nano, Cairns, Australia, November 2003 in Oz Nano 03 Proceeding of the Aisa Pacific Nanotechnology FOrum 2003, ed Schulte, J., World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 87-92.
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Roest, R.S., Eberhardt, A.W., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Adhesion of sol-gel derived zirconia nano-coatings on surface treated titanium', Bioceramics 16, Portugal, November 2003 in Bioceramics 16:Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, ed Barbosa, M.A.; Monteiro, F.; Correia, R.; Leon, B., Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp. 455-458.
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Clarke, I.C., Pezzotti, G., Sakakura, S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Bio-lubrication phenomena affect residual stresses and phases of zirconia implants', Bioceramics 15, Sydney, Australia, December 2003 in Bioceramics 15, ed Ben-Nissan B, Sher D, Walsh W, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 781-784.
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Innes, J.K., Vago, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Hydrothermal conversion and sol-gel coating of Red Sea coral', Bioceramics 15, Sydney, Australia, December 2002 in Bioceramics 15, ed Ben-Nissan B; Sher D; Walsh W, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 43-46.
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Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Morphological stability of plate-like hydroxyapatite', Bioceramics 15, Sydney, Australia, December 2002 in Bioceramics 15, ed Ben-Nissan B; Sher, D; Walsh W, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 481-484.
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Williams, P.A., Clarke, I.C., Pezzotti, G., Green, D.D. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2003, 'Water-lubrication effects on zirconia debris production in hip-joint simulators', Bioceramics 15, Sydney, Australia, December 2002 in Bioceramics 15, ed Ben-Nissan B; Sher D; Walsh W, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 835-838.
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Ben-Nissan, B., Clarke, I.C. & Pezzotti, G. 2002, 'Bioceramics: effects of water and serum lubrication on Zirconia implants', AUSTCERAM 2002, Perth, Australia, September 2002 in AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, ed Low IM; Phillips DN, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 11-Dec-NA.
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Ben-Nissan, B., Milev, A.S., Green, D.D., Conway, R.M., Vago, R. & Walsh, W.R. 2002, 'Mechanical properties and characterisation of sol-gel coated coralline hydroxyapatite', Bioceramics 14, California, USA, January 2002 in Key Engineering Materials, ed Brown S; Clarke I; Williams P, Trans Tech Publications, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 379-382.
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Green, D.D., Kannangara, G.K., Milev, A. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2002, 'P-31 solution state NMR investigation of the hydrolysis of a new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite', Bioceramics 14, California, USA, January 2002 in Key Engineering Materials, ed Brown S; Clarke I; Williams P, Trans Tech Publications, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 75-78.
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Previous work by these authors found that ageing was necessary to convert the starting precursors of calcium diethoxide [Ca(OEt)(2)] and triethyl phosphite [P(OEt)(3)] Sol-gel system to more reactive intermediates, These conclusions provided the impetus to examine an alternative phosphorous precursor that will not entail a 24-hour ageing period. The use of diethyl phosphite [HOP(OEt)(2)] as an alternate precursor it was possible to produce hydroxyapatite which did not require ageing of the Sol. [1]. The solution-state P-31 NMR spectroscopy was successfully applied to monitor the reaction during the ageing period that provided the vital characteristics of the alternate phosphorous precursor. However, no attempts were made to postulate mechanism(s) and identification of the intermediate species formed in these sol-gel systems. This report encompasses both these aspects; mechanism and identification of the reaction intermediates for P(OEt)3 and [HOP(OEt)(2)] sol-gel systems

Innes, J.K., Ben-Nissan, B. & Vago, R. 2002, 'Biomimetic conversion of Red Sea corraline structures for implant purposes', AUSTCERAM 2002, Perth, Australia, September 2002 in AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, ed Low IM; Phillips DN, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 21-22.
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Kannangara, G.K., Green, D.D., Milev, A.S. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2002, 'Synthesis of non-aged new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite monitored by solution state 31 P NMR', AUSTCERAM 2002, Perth, Australia, September 2002 in AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, ed Low IM; Phillips DN, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 13-14.
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Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2002, 'Ligand substitution and complex formation in hydroxyapatite sol-gel system', Bioceramics 14, California, USA, January 2002 in Key Engineering Materials, ed Brown S; Clarke I; Williams P, Trans Tech Publications, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 79-83.

Milev, A.S., Kannangara, G.K. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2002, 'Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings: solution chemistry and analysis', AUSTCERAM 2002, Perth, Australia, September 2002 in AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, ed Low IM; Phillips DN, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 23-24.
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Ben-Nissan, B., Russell, J.J., Hu, J., Milev, A.S., Green, D.C., Vago, R., Walsh, W.R. & Conway, R.M. 2001, 'Comparison of Surface Morpholgy in Sol-Gel Treated Coralline Hydroxyapatite Strucures for Impant Purposes', 13th Int. Symp. On Ceramics in Medicine, Bologna, December 2001 in Key Engineering Materials Vols. 192-195 Proeedings of the 13th Int. Symp. On Ceramics in Medicine, ed Giannini S, Moroni A, Trans tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, pp. 959-962.
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