Dr Ric Wuhrer

Davis, J., Short, K., Wuhrer, R., Phillips, M.R., Lumpkin, G.R. & Whittle, K.R. 2013, 'Electron backscatter diffraction characterization of plasma immersion ion implantation effects in stainless steel', Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, vol. 295, pp. 38-41.
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In these experiments plasma immersion ion implantation is utilised to simulate some of the radiation effects in a nuclear reactor environment. Scanning electron microscopy using the angular selective backscatter detector has revealed observable changes in crystallographic contrast after irradiation with helium ions. Further studies using electron backscatter diffraction in both plan and cross section view allow us to visualize the extent and depth of damage and observe differences in the behavior of different crystalline phases present in several grades of stainless steel.

Huggett, P., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2012, 'Composite alloy wear parts for use in the mining industry', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 23-29.

Lucey, T.J., Wuhrer, R., Moran, K., Reid, M., Huggett, P.G. & Cortie, M.B. 2012, 'Interfacial Reactions In White Iron/steel Composites', Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 212, no. 11, pp. 2349-2357.
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The interfacial phenomena occurring when a white iron of low melting point is cast onto a steel substrate are considered. Such layered composites offer the prospect of combining the toughness of steel and the wear-resistance of a white cast iron into a s

Chen, P., Downes, J., Fernandes, A., Butcher, K., Wintrebert-Fouquet, M., Wuhrer, R. & Phillips, M.R. 2011, 'Effects Of Crystallinity And Chemical Variation On Apparent Band-gap Shift In Polycrystalline Indium Nitride', Thin Solid Films, vol. 519, no. 6, pp. 1831-1836.
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The nature of the apparent band-gap shift in polycrystalline indium nitride thin-films, grown by remote-plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition at 535 +/- 10 degrees C. has been investigated separately in relation to growth temperature dependent crystallinity and chemical variation. Substrates of sapphire and gallium nitride on sapphire were used to study the effect of a stress-reduced template on indium nitride crystallite quality and apparent band-gap. To mimic surface growth temperature variations two glass substrates of differing thickness and thermal conductivity were intentionally used for the same growth conditions. The samples were characterised using optical transmission, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the apparent band-gap shift in polycrystalline narrow band-gap indium nitride thin-films is not primarily determined by the quality of indium nitride crystallites but rather it is associated with growth temperature dependent chemical variations in the films

Humphries, S.R., Wuhrer, R., Booth, N.G., Yeung, W.Y., Ouyang, Q., Qin, J. & Zhang, D. 2011, 'Mechanical Property Enhancement for Al Based Metal Matrix Composites', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 452-453, pp. 829-832.
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An enhanced nucleation heat treatment process was employed to refine the grain structure of 7075Al/ 7wt.% SiCp metal matrix composite material. The grain structure of the metal matrix composite was investigated. The resulting microstructures were compared. It was found that a fine grained microstructure developed after the rapid heat treatment process. An increase in hardness was achieved, with hardness increasing from 129 HV in the cold extruded state to 137 + 153 HV after the heat treatment process

Sinutok, S., Hill, R., Doblin, M.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ralph, P.J. 2011, 'Warmer more acidic conditions cause decreased productivity and calcification in subtropical coral reef sediment-dwelling calcifiers', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1200-1212.
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The effects of elevated CO(2) and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification in the calcifying algae Halimeda macroloba and Halimeda cylindracea and the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis were investigated through exposure to a combination of four temperatures (28 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 32 degrees C, and 34 degrees C) and four CO(2) levels (39, 61, 101, and 203 Pa; pH 8.1, 7.9, 7.7, and 7.4, respectively). Elevated CO(2) caused a profound decline in photosynthetic efficiency (F(V) : F(M)), calcification, and growth in all species. After five weeks at 34 degrees C under all CO(2) levels, all species died. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b concentration in Halimeda spp. significantly decreased in 203 Pa, 32 degrees C and 34 degrees C treatments, but Chl a and Chl c(2) concentration in M. vertebralis was not affected by temperature alone, with significant declines in the 61, 101, and 203 Pa treatments at 28 degrees C. Significant decreases in F(V) : F(M) in all species were found after 5 weeks of exposure to elevated CO(2) (203 Pa in all temperature treatments) and temperature (32 degrees C and 34 degrees C in all pH treatments). The rate of oxygen production declined at 61, 101, and 203 Pa in all temperature treatments for all species. The elevated CO(2) and temperature treatments greatly reduced calcification (growth and crystal size) in M. vertebralis and, to a lesser extent, in Halimeda spp. These findings indicate that 32 degrees C and 101 Pa CO(2), are the upper limits for survival of these species on Heron Island reef, and we conclude that these species will be highly vulnerable to the predicted future climate change scenarios of elevated temperature and ocean acidification.

Coutts, M.J., Zareie, H.M., Cortie, M.B., Phillips, M.R., Wuhrer, R. & McDonagh, A.M. 2010, 'Exploiting Zinc Oxide Re-Emission To Fabricate Periodic Arrays', ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1774-1779.
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The synthesis of hexagonal ring-shaped structures of zinc oxide using nanosphere lithography and metal/metal oxide sputtering is demonstrated. This synthesis exploits the surface re-emission of zinc oxide to deposit material in regions lying out of the l

Liu, J., Tao, L., Yang, W., Li, D., Boyer, C., Wuhrer, R., Braet, F.C. & Davis, T. 2010, 'Synthesis, Characterization, And Multilayer Assembly Of Ph Sensitive Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites', Langmuir, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 10068-10075.
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pH sensitive graphene-polymer composites have been prepared by the modification of graphene basal planes with pyrene-terminated poly(2-N,N'-(dimethyl amino ethyl acrylate) (PDMAEA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) via pi-pi stacking. The pyrene-terminal PDMA

White, R.J., Thomas, P., Phillips, M.R., Moran, K. & Wuhrer, R. 2010, 'X-Ray Mapping And Scatter Diagram Analysis Of The Discoloring Products Resulting From The Interaction Of Artist'S Pigments', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 594-598.
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The discoloring interaction between the artist's pigments cadmium yellow and the copper-containing malachite, an interaction that is conjectured to cause black spotting in oil paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries, was examined using X-ray mappi

Bhatia, V.K., Kealley, C.S., Wuhrer, R., Wallwork, K. & Cortie, M.B. 2009, 'Ternary Beta And Gamma Phases In The Al-Au-Cu System At 750 Degrees C', Journal Of Alloys And Compounds, vol. 488, no. 1, pp. 100-107.
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There are many aspects of the phases and phase boundaries of the Al-Au-Cu ternary system that are still unknown. Although a 500 degrees C isothermal section and an 18 karat pseudobinary have been reported, many of the other constitutive relationships wit

Heness, G.L., Yeung, W.Y. & Wuhrer, R. 2008, 'Interfacial strength development of roll-bonded aluminium/copper metal laminates', Materials Science & Engineering A, vol. 483-484, pp. 740-742.
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The development of the phases in the interface of roll-bonded Al/Cu metal laminates controls the strength. Phase development as a function of sintering time was monitored via X-ray diffraction and X-ray mapping. Both techniques revealed essentially the same phase presence and highlighted a limitation of X-ray diffraction. Initial rolling reduction has no effect on phase development but does affect the interface thickness.

Hinckley, B., Dolman, K.F., Wuhrer, R., Ray, A.S. & Yeung, W.Y. 2008, 'SEM and EBSD Investigations of High-Chromium Cast Irons', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 14, no. S2, pp. 550-551.
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High-chromium white cast irons are alloys that are based on the iron-chromium-carbon system and are classified in ISO 21988-2006 as abrasion-resistant cast irons that contain greater than 11% chromium. High-chromium white irons are primarily used as castings and hard-facing weld deposits in equipment requiring resistance to abrasive and erosive wear under moderate impactloading conditions. These materials are used in the mining and chemical processing plants in applications such as grinding mills, slurry pumps, chute liners and pipes.

Hinckley, B., Dolman, K.F., Wuhrer, R., Yeung, W.Y. & Ray, A.S. 2008, 'SEM investigation of heat treated high-chromium cast irons', Materials forum, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 55-71.
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Islam, H., Wuhrer, R., Berkahn, M.B., Cornell, B.A., Valenzuela, S. & Martin, D.K. 2008, 'Nanostructured TiN Thin films suitable for medical applications', Materials forum, vol. 32, pp. 129-136.
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Titanium nitride thin films are widely used in biomedical implants because of thier biocompatibility, good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films on silicon and glass substrates were prepared using a dc megnetron sputtering system under condition of systematically varying the nitrogen pressure and titanium megnetron power.

Kealley, C.S., Elcombe, M., Wuhrer, R. & Gilbert, E. 2008, 'Application of small-angle scattering to study the effects of moisture content on a native soy protein', Journal Of Applied Crystallography, vol. 41, pp. 628-633.
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The nano-and microstructure of glycinin, a soybean protein, has been investigated as a function of moisture for moisture contents between 4 and 21 wt%. Glycinin exhibits peaks in the small-angle region whose positions show minimal change with X-rays for

Kondyurin, A., Gan, B.K., Bilek, M.M., McKenzie, D.R., Mizuno, K. & Wuhrer, R. 2008, 'Argon plasma immersion ion implantation of polystyrene films', Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, vol. 266, no. 7, pp. 1074-1084.
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Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), using bias voltages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 kV in an argon plasma and fluences in the range of 2 x 10(14)-2 x 10(16) ions/cm(2), was applied to 100 nm polystyrene films coated on silicon wafer substrates. The etching

Mak, J.C., Wuhrer, R., Heness, G.L., Qin, J., Lu, W., Zhang, D. & Yeung, W.Y. 2008, 'Microstructural Analysis on Ti-6Al-4V and10 Vol.% (TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V Metal Matrix Composites', Advanced Materials Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 115-118.
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Particulate reinforced Ti based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were made by in-situ synthesis using vacuum arc re-melting process. The microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V base alloy and 10 vol.% (TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites was examined. The particulate reinforcements were analysed and identified TiB and TiC particles. The particle distribution was analysed using the quadrat method over 1620 quadrats. A homogeneous particle distribution was found to establish in the composites. The experimental distribution of the reinforcements agreed well with the theoretical Poisson distribution. A skew factor, which characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a statistical distribution, of 1.108 was determined for the particle distribution in the material.

Wuhrer, R., Moran, K. & Phillips, M.R. 2008, 'Multi-Detector X-Ray Mapping and Generation of Correction Factor Images for Problem Solving', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 14, no. S2, pp. 1108-1109.
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X-ray mapping with Silicon Drift detectors (SDD+s) and multi-EDS detector systems has become an invaluable analysis technique because the time to perform an x-ray map is reduced considerably. Live x-ray imaging can now been performed with so much data collected in a matter of minutes. The use of multi-EDS detector systems has made this form of mapping even quicker and has also given users the ability to map minor and trace elements very accurately. How the data is collected and summed with multi-EDS detectors is very critical for accurate quantitative x-ray mapping (QXRM).

Chou, J., Ben-Nissan, B., Choi, A.H., Wuhrer, R. & Green, D. 2007, 'Conversion of coral sand to calcium phosphate for biomedical applications', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 44-48.
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Coral sand grains were analysed using simultaneous differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). These techniques were performed to confirm the characteristics and properties as well as the composition of the coral sand grains. Imaging of the full surface topography were conducted inthe ESEM. After characterisation coral sand grains were treated for impurities and organic materials were subsequently removed. The materials were then converted to calcium phosphates utilising hydrothermal treatment. The results have shown that the coral sand grains were composed of calcium carbonate with a network of uniform inner porous structure. The ESEM has provided valuable information through the imaging of the samples which in turn allowed a comparison of the pore sizes before and after the hydrothermal treatment. The current study shows that the coral sand to be a promising source of converted calcium carbonate to calium phosphates for biomedical applications.

Mak, J.C., Wuhrer, R., Booth, N.G., Fanos, P., Heness, G.L. & Yeung, W.Y. 2007, 'Equal channel angular extrusion of zinc-aluminium metal matrix composites', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 345-346, no. 1, pp. 113-116.
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Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was employed in an attempt to develop nanostructural metal matrix composites with homogenized distribution of reinforcing particles. Zn-Al metal matrix composites reinforced with 5 ?m SiC particulates were produced by casting method. A non-uniform distribution of the reinforcing particles was evident in the metal matrix. With repetitive shear deformation imposed via the ECAE process, substantial structural improvement was achieved and the reinforcing particulates were de-clustered into a finely dispersed distribution throughout the metal matrix. The homogeneity of the particle distribution was studied by the Quadrat method and the skew factors were determined. It was found that the skew factors were substantially reduced after 8 extrusion passes, showing the homogeneity of the particle distribution was greatly improved in the composites.

Roest, R.S., Atanacio, A.J., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'An investigation of sol gel coated zirconia thin films on anodised titanium substrate by secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 160-163.
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Roest, R.S., Atanacio, A.J., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2007, 'An investigation of sol gel coated zirconia thin films on anodised titanium substrate by secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy', Materials Forum, vol. 31, pp. 160-163.
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Zirconia sol-gel-derived ceramic coatings have a variety of uses, due to their ease of production and ability to coat complex shapes. The sol-gel's nanocrystalline grain structure results in improved mechanical properties of the zirconia coating, which further aids their use in a variety of applications from thermal barrier coating to improved tribological properties on titanium substrates. Stabilised zirconia thin films were spin coated on anodised titanium substrates. The titanium was anodised in a dilute H3PO 4ZH2SO4 solution before spin coating with the zirconia sol gel. These films were then studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), to depth profile the elemental species through to the titanium substrate. In conjunction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis were used to examine the craters formed by SIMS to gain an understanding of the diffusion gradient existing with the anodised titanium substrate and zirconia thin film.

White, R.E., Thomas, P., Phillips, M.R., Wuhrer, R. & Guerbois, J.L. 2007, 'Tg-ms Characterization Of The Reaction Products Of Cadmium Yellow And Malachite Artist's Pigments', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 181-184.
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The deleterious interaction of some traditional sulphide artists pigments and copper ions results in the formation of black copper sulphides, in particular, covellite (CuS), and, hence, the discolouration of valuable artworks. In this paper the interacti

Wintrebert-Fouquet, M., Butcher, K.S., Chen, P.P. & Wuhrer, R. 2007, 'Nitride film growth morphology using remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition', Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 2285-2288.
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Gallium nitride and indium nitride films have been grown by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) at temperatures between 570 and 650 ¦C for GaN and between 350 and 570 ¦C for InN on different substrates. For GaN vast improvements in film morphology and quality have resulted from reductions in background impurities when compared to previous reports. Epitaxial material can now be grown at 650 ¦C under optimized growth conditions. Columnar growth still occurs for growth on some substrates, however film coalescence is observed when using appropriate buffer layers and epitaxial growth can also be observed. High resolution SEM images show examples of this. The root-mean-square surface roughness of epitaxial samples, as measured using atomic force microscopy, shows values of as little as 10 Angstroms. While X-ray diffraction shows that these surfaces are not amorphous but have a strong (0001) preferred axis with FWHM limited by instrumental effects to (2) 0.085 degrees.

Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2007, 'Modelling of nitrogen deposition pressure effect on grain size development and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline ternary nitride coatings', Materials Science Forum, vol. 539-543, pp. 1177-1182.
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Development of complez ternary nitride coatings has attracted significant industrial interest in recent years. In deposition of complex ternary nitride coatings, the nitrogen deposition pressure plays an important role in structural evolution of the coatings leading to development of different mechanical porperties. This paper summarises some successful analyses by the authors on the relationships amongst the deposition rate, grain size and hardness of the coatings against the nitrogen deposition pressure. It has been established that as the nitrogen pressure decreases, the deposition rate of the coatings increases and the grain size decereases. Hardness of the coatings increases due to the development of a refined and densified coatings structure. Taking into account of the reaction kinetics at the targets the interactions of the sputtered atoms occurred in tehir transfer to the substrate, the reaction kinetics at the substrate the target m,aterial characteristics and the geometric arrangement of the sputter magnetron configuration, modelling to the relationships of deposition rate with nitrogen deposition pressure, grain size with deposition rate and hardness with grain size have been succssfully established in this study.

Wuhrer, R. & Moran, K. 2007, 'Spectral Imaging and X-Ray Microanalysis with Multiple Detectors', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 13, no. S2, pp. 1350-1351.
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We have progressively refined our requirements for high quality x-ray mapping, which has been a process of learning, advancing our hardware and redefining our requirements. Mapping is not a simple `one size fits all+ scenario. There are still simple applications where dot mapping, especially with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer, can achieve the required results. The good thing about mapping is that there is always something new that can be learned and we are continually pushing back the boundaries of what can be achieved with mapping. It won+t be far into the future that we will have an electron microscope specifically set up to do live x-ray imaging, as we now do for electron imaging. The biggest problem we face is one of being able to determine the level of sophistication in our treatment of the data collected. As with automatic peak identification and standardless analysis it is very easy to produce bad results [1]. The good news is that if you are prepared to set your system up for high quality standards analysis, then most of these problems disappear.

Yeung, W.Y., Wuhrer, R., Cortie, M.B. & Ferry, M. 2007, 'Equal channel angular extrusion of high purity gold', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 31-35.
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Chen, P., Butcher, K.S., Wintrebert-Fouquet, M., Wuhrer, R., Phillips, M.R., Prince, K., Timmers, H., Shrestha, S.K. & Usher, B.F. 2006, 'Apparent band-gap shift in InN films grown by remote-plasma-enhanced CVD', Journal Of Crystal Growth, vol. 288, no. 2, pp. 241-246.
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The properties of indium nitride grown at various temperatures on c-plane sapphire and glass substrates, using remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition, have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra show a broad range of apparent band-g

Choi, M., McBean, K.E., Wuhrer, R., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2006, 'Investigation into the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks using scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 24-32.
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For the first time, scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks placed on nanoporous surfaces. The results show that gold nanoparticles, under standard MMDII conditions, bind preferentially to latent fingermark ridges on nonporous surfaces. Variation in surfactant concentration influences background development but does not affect the binding of gold nanoparticles to the ridges, while pH variation influences the binding to ridges but leaves valley regions unaffected.

Choi, M., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Wuhrer, R., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2006, 'Preparation and evaluation of metal nanopowders for the detection of fingermarks on nonporous surfaces', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 756-768.
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gold and silver nanoparticles using oleylamine as a stabilizer have been formulated for developing latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces. These nanopowders are compared with conventional powders such as black powder, black magnetic powder, aluminium powder and white powder. Gold nanopowder produced sharp and clear development of latent fingermarks without background staining. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that particles were concentrated inthe fingermark ridge areas, with only minor amounts located in the valley regions.

Huggett, P.G., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2006, 'Composite alloy wear parts for use in the mining industry', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 23-29.
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New methods for manufacturing alloy composites have been used to produce a number of wear parts for the mining industry. The use of composites incorporating white cast iron and steel permit brittle and wear resistant materials tobe used in applications where moderate impact conditions are encountered. Analysis of the alloy composite interfaces has provided an enhanced undertsnading of the bonding mechanisms between the white cast iron and the steel and has also permitted further improvements in the manufacturing techniques. Analysis methods used to examine the interfacial features include quantative x-ray mapping (QXRM) and electron beam backscattered diffraction (EMSD) mapping. Examples of successful field trials include mineral sands and wear parts for heavy earthmoving equipment.

Bakar, M., Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2006, 'Interface development in sintering of roll bonded metal laminates', Solid State Phenomena, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 437-442.
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Metal laminates have experienced rapid development in many engineering applications and generally possess enhanced properties with improved service performance. Roll bonding is a major technique used in manufacture of metal laminates. This paper is to investigate the effects of atomic diffusion on the interface development of roll bonded metal laminates in the sintering heat treatment process. Copper/aluminium bi-metal laminates were prepared by roll bonding at 430C with a 40% rolling reduction in a single pass. Sintering was then applied at 450C for various periods. it was found that multi-phase interfacial layers developed in the sintering process and shofted towards the aluminium metal with increasing sintering time. Composition profiles of the metallic elements were carefully determined acorss the interfacial area of the bonded material. Interdiffusion coefficients of the metallic elements were determined using Boltzmann-Matano analysis. The results were correlated with the multi-phase development in the interfacial area.

Lim, S.H., McCulloch, D.G., Bilek, M.M., McKenzie, D.R., Du Plessis, J., Swain, M.V. & Wuhrer, R. 2006, 'The effect of plasma immersion ion implantation on the contact pressure and composition of titanium nitride thin films', Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 201, no. 1-2, pp. 396-400.
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The effect of plasma immersion ion implantation on the indentation hardness as measured by contact pressure and composition of cathodic are deposited TiN thin films was investigated. According to Auger electron spectroscopy results, increasing the pulse

Moran, K. & Wuhrer, R. 2006, 'Quantitative bulk and trace element X-ray mapping using multiple detectors', Microchimica Acta, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 59-66.
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Xray mapping using energy dispersive spectroscopy or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy is a very popular characterisation tool for determining the elemental distribution in materials. Furthermore, quantitative Xray mapping has become a very powerful tec

Moran, K. & Wuhrer, R. 2006, 'X-ray mapping and interpretation of scatter diagrams', Microchimica Acta, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 209-217.
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Electron beam induced quantitative X-ray mapping has become a very useful characterisation tool for determining the elemental distribution in materials, whether using energy dispersive spectroscopy or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray intensi

White, R.E., Phillips, M.R., Thomas, P. & Wuhrer, R. 2006, 'In-situ investigation of discolouration processes between historic oil paint pigments', Microchimica Acta, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 319-322.
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Discolouring interactions between paint pigments have been observed since the mid 19(th) century. The source of some of these discolourations is the production of copper sulfides from an interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and copper containing

Wuhrer, R., Moran, K. & Moran, L. 2006, 'Characterisation of materials through x-ray mapping', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 63-70.
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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and the conbination of these techniques through x-ray mapping (XRM) have become excellent tool for characterising the distribution of elements and phases in materials. Quantitative x-ray mapping (QXRM) enables reliable quantitative results that cna be an order of magnitude better than traditional analysis and is also far superior to regions of interest x-ray maps(ROIM) where low levels of an element overlaps are present.

Wuhrer, R., Bakar, M., Moran, K. & Yeung, W.Y. 2006, 'X-ray mapping of metallic elements in roll bonded laminates', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 225-232.
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Advanced metal laminates have experienced rapid development in functional engineering applications. I this study, copper/aluminium metal laminates were produced by the roll bonding technique at 430C with a critical 40% rolling reduction and sintering treatment was applied at 450C. Interface development of the samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy and the distribution of the metallic elements and the subsequent chemical phase formation in the interfacial region was investigated by x-ray mapping. It was found that movement of the copper aroms occurred at a faster diffusion rate into the aluminium region and resulted in a shift of the interface boundary. Growth rate of the interface was determined and its relationship with sintering time was formulated. Development of the metallic phases in the interfacial area of the metal laminates was observed and determined.

Yeung, W.Y., Dub, S.N., Wuhrer, R. & Milman, Y.V. 2006, 'A nanoindentation study of magnetron co-sputtered nanocrystalline ternary nitride coatings', Science of Sintering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 211-221.
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Nanoindentation testing was used to determine the hardness, elastic modulus and plasticity parameter of three newly developed ternary nitride coatings with nano-sized grains. With decreasing nitrogen deposition pressure, grain diameter of the coatings decreases that leads to both higher nanohardness and elastic modulus with conservation of satisfactory values of plasticity characteristic.

Yeung, W.Y., Wuhrer, R. & Attard, D.J. 2006, 'High temperature behaviour of magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline titanium aluminium nitride coatings', Materials Forum, vol. 30, pp. 77-84.
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This paper is to study the thermal stability of nanocrystalline ternary nitride coatings at elevated temperatures. Nanocrystalline titanium aluminium nitride coatings were produced by reactive magnetron co-sputtering on glass substrates and AISI H13 tool steel substrates with nitrogen pressures of 0.4 and 0.65 mTorr (0.053 and 0.086 Pa) respectively. Heat treatment was applied to the coatings at temperatures up to 1000C. It was found that an unexpected grain refinement occurred in the coatings deposited at 0.4 mTorr nitrogen pressure after the heat treatment. a stronger development of TiN(TiAIN (200) component was also evident at temperatures above 800C. With a finer and densified grain struicture, the hardness of the coatings increased substantially from ~1700 to 2300HV.

Yeung, W.Y., Wuhrer, R. & Attard, D.J. 2006, 'Structural refinement in high temperature annealing of magnetron sputtered titanium vanadium nitride coatings', Solid State Phenomena, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 299-304.
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Development of advanced ternary nitride coatings such as titanium aluminium nitride and titanium vanadium nitride has attracted significant industrial interest in recent years. Titanium vanadium nitride is considered one of the advanced ternary nitride coatings of great commercial potential. It is believed with the additional element, the oxidation resistance of the coatings canbe greatly improved at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the type of elements selected can produce unique coating properties that can be beneficial to machining of different materials. This paper is to report a study on the sturctural stability of nanostructured titanium vanadium nitride coatings in high temperature annealing. Nanostructured titanium vanadium nitride coatings were produced by reactive magnetron co-sputtering on AISI H13 tool steel substrates at 240C. Heat rteatment was applied to the coatings at temperatures up ti 1000C. It ws found that an unexpected grain refinement of the coatings occurred in the heat treatment process. Grain size of the coatings was found to decrease from ~200-300nm to ~150 nm after the heat treatments. A strong TiN/TiVN (200) component was foudn to exist at temperatures up to 700C but was depleted at higher annealing temperatures. With a finer and densified grain structure, the hardness of the coatings substantially increased from ~800 HV to ~1700 HV.

Huggett, P.G., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B. & Moran, K. 2005, 'A novel metallurgical bonding process and microstructural analysis of ferrous alloy composites', Materials Forum, vol. 29, pp. 83-88.
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A group of ferrous alloy composites have veen produced using a novel vacuum casting process. The bonding and the interfacial analysis of these composites has been studied using various techniques including: optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis, X-ray mapping (XRM and electron back scattered diffraction (EBDS). A number of phase changes and unique microstructural features have been observed. Some of thes microsturctural features are the result of the solidification process, whilst other changes have resulted from diffusion of elements across the composite interface. This study demonstrates the uniqueness of the vacuum casting process as an efficient bonding process and the importance of comparing data from a variety of analytical techniques to enable a thorough model of the solidification and diffusion processes to be properly developed.

Scott, K., Butcher, K.S., Wintrebert-Fouquet, M., Chen, P.P., Prince, C., Timmers, H., Shrestha, S.K., Shubina, T.V., Ivanov, S.V., Wuhrer, R., Phillips, M.R. & Monemar, B. 2005, 'Non-stoichiometry and non-homogeneity in InN', Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 2263-2266.
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It is shown that the wide variation of apparent band-gap observed for thin films nominally referred to as InN is strongly influenced by variations in the nitrogen:indium stoichiometry. inN samples grown by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition show a change in band-gap between 1.8 and 1.0eV that is not due to the Moss-Burstein effetc, oxygen inclusion or quantumn size effects, but for which changes in the growth temperature result in a strong change in stoichiometry. Material non-homogeneity and non-stoichiometry appear to be general rpoblems for inN growth. Excess nitrogen can be present at very high levels and indium rich materials is also found. This work shwos that the extent of the Moss-Burstein effects will have to be reassessed for InN.

Scott, K., Butcher, A., Wintrebert-Fouquet, M., Chen, P.P., Wuhrer, R. & Phillips, M.R. 2005, 'Revisiting electrochromism in InN', Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 2293-2296.
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We confirm changes to the band-gap of InN thin films treated in an electrochemical cell in which water ebetrolysis is evident. Electrical properties of the films were also affected. It is suggested fhat the change in the film resistivity results from hydrogen incorporation or removal during the electrolysis (dependent on sample polarity). The presence of grain boundaries is believed to enhance the penetration of chemical species into the InN resulting in a greater net change in the observed properties.

Meijer, E.J., Berkahn, M.B., Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2005, 'On structural stability of nanostructured aluminium', Materials Science Forum, vol. 475-479, pp. 3501-3504.
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Nano- and submicron-structured aluminium was produced by equal channel angular extrusion with a total strain of similar to 17. Large residual stress and strain energy were built up in the extruded metal and subsequent heat treatments were applied to inve

White, R.E., Thomas, P., Phillips, M.R. & Wuhrer, R. 2005, 'A DSC study of the effect of lead pigments on the drying of cold pressed linseed oil', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 237-239.
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Cold pressed linseed oil and paints prepared using the inorganic pigments; lead white and red lead, were characterised using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in an air atmosphere to determine the effect of the pigment on the oxidati

Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2005, 'An empirical analysis of nitrogen pressure effect on grain size development of nanostructured ternary nitride coatings', Materials Forum, vol. 29, pp. 103-107.
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An empirical relationship between the grain diameter of ternary nitride coatings and trhe nitrogen deposition pressure was formulated in the present study. A linear relationship was established between the reciprocals of the square roots of the rgain diameter of the coatings and the nitrogen deposition pressure. It was further confirmed that the equation parameter, md of the empirical relationship was linearly proportional to the primary yield of the coating materials. With defined discharge conditions and sputter characteristics of the larget materials, the values of md for diffeent coatings can be calculated and te rgain size of the coating structure at different nitrogen deposition pressures can be determined.

Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2005, 'Magnetron co-sputtering of nanostructured chromium aluminium nitride coatings', Materials Science Forum, vol. 475-479, pp. 4001-4004.
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Ternary chromium aluminium nitride (Cr,Al)N coatings were produced by reactive magnetron co-sputtering technique at different nitrogen deposition pressures. Densified nanostructured coatings with grain size below 100 nm were obtained under critically con

Yu, J., Chen, Y., Wuhrer, R., Liu, Z. & Ringer, S.P. 2005, 'In situ formation of BN nanotubes during nitriding reactions', Chemistry Of Materials, vol. 17, no. 20, pp. 5172-5176.
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High-yield multiwalled boron nitride (BN) nanotubes have been produced using a ball milling-annealing method. The BN nanotubes with a diameter less than 10 nm and a well-crystallized multiwalled structure were formed via an in situ nitriding reaction. Th

Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2004, 'A comparative study of magnetron co-sputtered nanocrystalline titanium aluminium and chromium aluminium nitride coatings', Scripta Materialia, vol. 50, pp. 1461-1466.
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Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2004, 'Grain refinement with increasing magnetron discharge power in sputter deposition of nanostructured titanium aluminium nitride coatings', Scripta Materialia, vol. 50, pp. 813-818.
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Dredge, P., Wuhrer, R. & Phillips, M.R. 2003, 'Monet's painting under the microscope', Microscopy And Microanalysis, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 139-143.
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An oil painting by Claude Monet, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile 1887 (collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales), was examined to determine both the identity of the pigments used by the artist in this painting and his technique of mixing colors and laying paint on the canvas. The extremely complex construction of the painting was revealed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and X-ray mapping (XRM) analysis of cross sections of paint flakes excised from damaged regions of Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile. Nine different pigments were found on the painting. Many of the identified colors were modern pigments that became available only late in the 19th century as a result of scientific advances in pigment chemistry. Although similar colors were available in a natural mineral form, they lacked the vivid color of their manufactured counterparts. The use of these new synthetic metallic oxide colors by Monet accounts for the brilliance of his paintings. In addition, a separation between successive paint layers was observed in some areas of paint chip cross sections, indicating that oil-based paint was applied to paint that had dried, and consequently, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile was painted over a long period of time. This observation is contrary to the general perception of Monet's technique of painting freely and quickly.

Short, K., Wuhrer, R., Collins, G. & Yeung, W.Y. 2003, 'A study of nanoindentation of nanostructured materials', Materials Science Forum, vol. 426-4, pp. 2369-2374.
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Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2003, 'Effect of target-substrate working distance on magnetron sputter deposition of nanostructured titanium aluminium nitride coatings', Scripta Materialia, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 199-205.
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Wuhrer, R., McCredie, G.M. & Yeung, W.Y. 2003, 'On production of nanocrystalline ternary nitride coatings via magnetron sputtering', Materials Science Forum, vol. 426-4, pp. 2473-2478.
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Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2003, 'On the microstructure and property development of d.c. magnetron co-sputtered ternary titanium aluminium nitride coatings: effect of nitrogen deposition pressure', Journal of Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-7.
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Yeung, W.Y. & Wuhrer, R. 2003, 'An empirical relationship between nitrogen deposition pressure and hardness of magnetron co-sputtered ternary nitride coatings', Journal of Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 88-92.
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Wuhrer, R. & Yeung, W.Y. 2002, 'A study on the microstructure and property development of d.c. magnetron co-sputtered ternary titanium aluminium nitirde cpatings: Part 111 Effect of substrate bias voltage and temperature', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 37, no. N/A, pp. 3477-3482.
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Advanced ternary (Ti,Al)N coatings were produced by reactive magnetron co-sputtering technique with separate titanium and aluminium targets at a 30degrees magnetron configuration. The aluminium magnetron discharge power was adjusted from 0 to 6.0 W/cm(2) to investigate the effect of magnetron discharge power on the microstructure and property development of the coatings. It was found that increasing the aluminium magnetron discharge power caused the deposition rate and the aluminium content to increase, and the grain size and surface roughness of the coatings to decrease substantially. Tighter packing of the grain columns occurred and the microstructure changed from a porous zone 1 to a densified zone T structure, resulting in a continuous increase of the coating hardness. The major texture component of the coatings changed from the (111) to (200) orientations. The (101) orientations of the AlN structure also developed. It was found that the microstructure and hardness enhancement of the coatings was associated with an increased formation of the TiAlN and AlN phases and a densified, fine grain structure at higher magnetron discharge powers. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Peng, X.K., Wuhrer, R., Heness, G.L. & Yeung, W.Y. 2000, 'Rolling Strain Effects on the Interlaminar Properties of Roll Bonded Copper/Aluminium Metal Laminates', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 35, no. 0, pp. 4357-4363.
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Metal laminates of copper/aluminium were prepared by roll bonding at 430 degrees C with various rolling strains. The effect of the rolling strain on the interface development and bond strength of the laminates was examined. It was found that as the rolling strain increased the bond strength of the laminates was generally enhanced in both as-rolled and sintered conditions. Critical post-rolling sintering conditions were found to exist for achieving optimum bond strengths of the laminates. It is evident that the development of optimum strength for the laminates is related to the formation of various intermetallic phases at the interface which is in turn determined by the diffusion activity of the metallic elements in the area. The greatest strength enhancement was generally observed to develop in the 60% rolled samples, suggesting that rolling strain of the roll bonding process may impose great influence on diffusion of the metallic elements. A higher copper content, without significant Kirkendall void formation, was found to build up in the interface area of the material, leading to development of strong interfacial phases. It is believed that a higher rolling strain of the roll bonding process has provided a greater area of physical contact between the bonded metals and imposed diffusion enhancement of the metallic elements across the interface. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Peng, X.K., Wuhrer, R., Heness, G.L. & Yeung, W.Y. 1999, 'On the interface development and fracture behaviour of roll bonded copper/aluminium metal laminates', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 2029-2038.
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Copperperaluminium laminates were prepared by roll bonding at 430 degrees C with a 60% rolling reduction in a single pass. Sintering treatments at temperatures between 300 and 500 degrees C were applied to the as-rolled laminates. The interface developme

Wuhrer, R., Yeung, W.Y., Phillips, M.R. & McCredie, G.M. 1996, 'Study on D.C. magnetron sputter deposition of titanium aluminium nitride thin films: effect of aluminium content on coating', Thin Solid Films, vol. 290-291, pp. 339-342.
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Titanium aluminium nitride thin films have been deposited on glass slides using a dual unbalanced d.c. magnetron sputter arrangement with separate titanium and aluminium targets. A range of TiperAl/N compositions were produced by varying the aluminium ta

Lewis, K.C., Wuhrer, R., Ben-Nissan, B., Valenzuela, S. & Moran, K. 2009, 'X-ray mapping of minerals incorporated into liposomes', Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009, Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 2009 in Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009, ed Technical committee, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 908-909.
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Liposomes are spherical particles in an aqueous medium formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. They have been long considered as a potential delivery device in the medical and pharmaceutical industries due to their ability to encapsulate different compounds, as the lipids form into liposomes. The ability of these liposomes to be stored in the body, and to be taken up by cells, makes them ideal for drug delivery. They can also potentially increase the efficiency of supplements, particularly those with no accumulation toxicity.

Liu, J., Cankurtaran, B.O., Wuhrer, R. & Cortie, M.B. 2008, 'Fabrication of double nano-cup assemblies and their anomalous plasmon absorption', COMMAD, Sydney, July 2008 in COMMAD '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, ed Faraone L, IEEE, Sydney, pp. 228-231.
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Double-cup assemblies of nanoscale gold semi-shells have been synthesized using a combination of thermal evaporation and chemical etching. The optical extinction of these structures peaked at 740 nm, but there was also evidence of additional extinction maxima at 560, 940 and 1110 nm. Numerical simulations of the optical properties revealed that the extinction was due mainly to scattering rather than to absorption In contrast, the extinction in simple single-shell nanocups was strongly absorptive in nature. Multiple plasmon resonances were identified in the double-cup structures, including an interesting quadrupole resonance in which oscillations of the inner and outer shells should operate 180deg out-of-phase.

Mak, J.C., Wuhrer, R., Heness, G.L., Yeung, W.Y., Callaghan, M., Wei, T., Qin, J., Lu, W. & Zhang, D. 2008, 'Small punch test of advanced in-situ synthesized Ti metal matrix composites', International Conference on Multi-Functional Materials And Structures, Hong Kong, July 2008 in International Conference on Multi-Functional Materials And Structures - Advanced Materials Research, ed NA, Trans Tech Pubications, Switzerland, pp. 738-741.
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Particulate reinforced 10 vol.% (TiB+TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites (MMCs) were produced by in-situ synthesis using vacuum arc re-melting process, and the mechanical properties of the metal matrix composites were assessed by the small punch testing (SPT). Mechanical properties of the in-situ synthesized Ti MMCs were studied and compared with the Ti base alloy. From the test data, the fracture properties and equivalent fracture strain of the test materials were characterised. The fracture mechanism of the test samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy.

Attard, D.J., Wuhrer, R., Huggett, P.G. & Moran, K. 2006, 'Sample preparation of a novel titanium-aluminium composite for EBSD analysis', Microscopy & Microanalysis, Chicago, USA, July 2006 in Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 2006, ed Kotula, P; Scott M; Gauvin JH; Beniac R; Lucas D; McKernan G; Shields J, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 1-2.
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A titanium-aluminium composite (TAC) has been produced using a novel vacuum cast process [1, 2] that has potential in biomedical and industrial plant applications. The overall aims of this investigation are to develop an understanding of the phase transformations and alloy segregation at the interface between the bonded titanium-aluminium composite. With soft alloys, it is important to polish the surface without distortion of the grain shape. Initially, the samples were prepared using standard metallographic techniques, but difficulties preparing the composite material were experienced. A preparation method was developed for the bonded titanium-aluminium composite material that produced damage-free samples. These were characterised using imaging, X-ray mapping (XRM) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Cortie, M.B., Maaroof, A.I., Mortari, A. & Wuhrer, R. 2006, 'Application of nano-and mesoporous gold in electrodes and electrochemical sensors', Interantional Conference on nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Brisbane, QLD Australia, July 2006 in ICONN2006, ed Jagadish, C; Max Lu, GQ, IEEE, USA, pp. 524-527.
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A nano- or- mesoporous sponge of Au is formed when the intermetallic compound AuAl2 is de-alloyed with NaOH. The large specific surface area of the sponge, and the unique surface chemical properties of Au indicate that this porous material might suefully serve as an electrode in capacitive sensors or other specialised electrochemical cells. Results for some prototype sensor and emergy storage systems are presented, and methods of controlling the nature of the porosity presented.

Wuhrer, R., Moran, K. & Phillips, M.R. 2006, 'X-ray mapping and post processing', Microscopy & Microanalysis, Chicago USA, July 2006 in Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12 Suppl. 2, 2006, ed Kotula P, Marko M, Scott JH, Gauvin R, Beniac D, Lucas G, McKernan S, Shields J, Cambridge university Press, USA, pp. 1404-1405.
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Characterisation of materials frequently involves the determination of variation in composition, structure and microstructure, by the use of a variety of imaging and analysis techniques. There is an increasing need to understand materials phenomena and processes and to learn more about exploiting subtle changes in the distribution of elements in materials technology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and the combination of these techniques through x-ray mapping (XRM) has become an excellent tool for characterising the distribution of elements and phases in materials. This analytical technique provides a high magnification image related to the distribution and relative abundance of elements within a given specimen and thus makes XRM particularly useful for: + identifying the location of individual elements and + mapping the spatial distribution of specific elements and phases within a sample (material surface).

Wuhrer, R., Moran, K., Phillips, M.R. & Davey, P. 2006, 'X-ray mapping using a multiple-EDS (DUAL) detector', Microscopy & Microanalysis, Chicago USA, July 2006 in Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, suppl. 2, 2006, ed Kotula P, Marko M, Scott JH, Gauvin R, Beniac D, Lucas G, McKernan S, Shields J, Cambridge University Press, USA, pp. 1406-1407.
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X-ray mapping (XRM) is an extremely useful problem solving tool. However, the two major problems for energy dispersive spectroscopy are interpretation of results under non ideal conditions (strong overlap and small peak size relative to background), and the time required to obtain a good quality 256x256 pixel map (1 to 3 hours). XRM has been considered a slow technique, claiming many hours of SEM time and often relegated to out-of-hours (overnight) mapping. With the development of high count rate silicon high resolution drift detectors (SDD) [1, 2] and multi-detector systems [3], the time required to acquire XRM decreases. With a single EDS detector at 20kcps output, a good 512x512 quantitative map can be obtained in around 4 to 8 hours for major elements (>10wt% evenly distributed) and minor elements (>1wt% localised).

Wuhrer, R., Huggett, P.G., Moran, K., Phillips, M.R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2005, 'EBSD and XRM of Phases in Vacuum Cast Composite Alloys', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 2005 in Proceeding Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol 11 (S2), ed R. Price et al., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 1678-1679.
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There have been a number f new processes developed that allow the joining of very dissimilar materials such as titanium alloys, wear resistant white irons, cast irons and ceramic materials to ferrous (mild steel) and non-ferrous (aluminium) alloys. These new processes have allowed the development of more complex composite shapes to be produced. However, with any new process development, an undertsnating of the mechanism of bonding is required. through the use of x-ray mapping (XRM), chemical phase imaging as well as electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analsysis, very useful information on the mass transport across the interface as well as phase segregation, texture variations and phase distribution within the bond interface can be obtained. results from this investigation on a number of bonded materials are presented and the importance of XRM and EBSD in providing a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in metallurgical bonding/welding of dissimilar materials discussed.

Wuhrer, R., Moran, K., Phillips, M.R. & Davey, P. 2005, 'X-ray Mapping using Multiple EDS and WDS Detectors', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Honolulu, USA, July 2005 in Proceeding Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol 11 (Suppl2), ed R. Price et al., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 1678-1679.
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High quality x-ray mapping (XRM) has been used for over 30 years by experienced wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) operators. Manufacturers have been developing similar techniques using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) over the last 20 years. This has been generally unsuccssful due to a number of problems such as poor computer specifications, cost, time to map and generally poor peak to bacjground ratios (P:B). With improvements in all the above parameters EDS mapping is now gaining in popularity.

Roest, R.S., Eberhardt, A.W., Latella, B.A., Wuhrer, R. & Ben-Nissan, B. 2004, 'Adhesion of sol-gel derived zirconia nano-coatings on surface treated titanium', Bioceramics 16, Portugal, November 2003 in Bioceramics 16:Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, ed Barbosa, M.A.; Monteiro, F.; Correia, R.; Leon, B., Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp. 455-458.
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Wuhrer, R., Yeung, W.Y., Phillips, M.R. 2000, 'SEM/EDS, AFM and XRD Analysis of Ternary Nitride Coatings Produced by Magnetron Co-Sputtering at Different Nitrogen Pressures', Hawaii, July 2000 in 2nd Conference of the International Union Microbeam Analysis Societies, ed Williams DB; Shimizo R, Institute of Physics, Bristol, England, pp. 449-450.