Dr Simon Mitrovic

Cortez, D.P., Growns, I., Mitrovic, S. & Lim, R.P. 2012, 'Effects Of A Gradient In River Regulation On The Longitudinal Trends In Water Quality And Benthic Algal And Macroinvertebrate Assemblages In The Hunter River, Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 494-504.
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River regulation impacts lotic ecosystem processes; however, the effect of a gradient of regulation on these attributes has rarely been studied. This study examined the effects of a river regulation gradient on longitudinal trends in water quality and be

Davie, A.W., Mitrovic, S. & Lim, R.P. 2012, 'Succession and accrual of benthic algae on cobbles of an upland river following scouring', Inland Waters, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 89-100.
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Flow releases from dams can be used to scour benthic algae, simulating the effects of natural spates and maintaining benthic algae in an early successional stage for increased grazer palatability. The timing of releases needs to consider the natural periodicity of flow events and the speed of regrowth and community succession changes. We studied benthic algal regrowth and succession using manipulative field experiments during summer and winter in the upland regulated Severn River, New South Wales, Australia. Benthic algal biomass accrual as chlorophyll a and community changes were determined after artificially scoured cobbles were returned to the river. In summer, algal biomass and diversity on scoured cobbles took 2 weeks to return to levels similar to reference cobbles and 5 weeks in winter. Chlorophyll a during summer was initially 0.24 ¦ 0.06 mg m-2 on scoured cobbles, but by day 16 had increased to 9.74 ¦ 1.97 mg m-2 and was no longer significantly different from reference cobbles. In winter, chlorophyll a was initially 0.47 ¦ 0.13 mg m-2 on scoured cobbles, but by day 37 had increased to 44.7 ¦ 10.9 mg m-2 and was no longer significantly different from reference cobbles. Peak chlorophyll a accrual during summer and winter was 1.64 and 2.63 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Early succession in both experiments was dominated by diatoms such as Cocconeis, Synedra, and Fragilaria. A proliferation of the filamentous green alga Stigeoclonium was indicative of a late succession community. The implications for flow management based on resetting of benthic algae by scouring in riffle reaches of rivers are discussed.

Westhorpe, D.P., Mitrovic, S. & Woodward, K.B. 2012, 'Diet Variation Of Dissolved Organic Carbon During Large Flow Events In A Lowland River', Limnologica, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 220-226.
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Diel variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within lotic systems has been reported on numerous occasions. However, to our knowledge there has been no published work on diel DOC variation within lowland rivers during high flow events. We sampled DOC

Westhorpe, D.P. & Mitrovic, S. 2012, 'Dissolved Organic Carbon Mobilisation In Relation To Variable Discharges And Environmental Flows In A Highly Regulated Lowland River', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 1218-1230.
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The relationships between discharge and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been extensively studied in rainfall runoff-driven stream systems. Less is known about discharge and DOC relationships in river systems dependent on floodplain inundation. We exa

Mitrovic, S., Hardwick, L. & Dorani, F. 2011, 'Use of flow management to mitigate cyanobacterial blooms in the Lower Darling River, Australia', Journal Of Plankton Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 229-242.
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The growth of planktonic cyanobacteria in a weir pool on the Lower Darling River, Australia, downstream of the major regulated Menindee Lake system was examined. Blooms of the saxitoxin producing freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis occurred for two summers out of four studied. Large cell numbers of other cyanobacteria including Aphanizomenon, Planktolyngbya and Merismopedia also occurred during the same summer periods as the Anabaena blooms. The growth events also coincided with periods of improved light climate. Flow releases from the regulated Menindee Lakes System were assessed for their ability to either suppress bloom development or to mitigate pre-existing blooms over this period.

Hadwen, W.L., Fellows, C.S., Westhorpe, D.P., Rees, G.N., Mitrovic, S., Taylor, B., Baldwin, D., Silvester, E. & Croome, R. 2010, 'Longitudinal trends in river functioning: Patterns of nitrogen and carbon processing in three Australian Rivers', River Research and Applications, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1129-1152.
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Understanding longitudinal trends in the processing of carbon in rivers represents a much conceptualised, but infrequently tested, issue in aquatic ecology. In this study, we conducted concurrent longitudinal examinations of three very different rivers in eastern Australia to determine whether general principles in river functioning exist across broad geographic and hydrologic scales. Specifically, we examined trends in ambient basic water chemistry, nutrient concentrations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), extracellular enzymes and food web structure and functioning and conducted bioassays to examine the degree to which DOC and nutrients limit heterotrophic bacterial respiration. These parameters revealed striking similarities across all sites. For metazoan communities, stable isotope analysis showed that algal carbon was the dominant basal resource utilised by consumers in all three rivers, suggesting that in-stream primary producers strongly underpin trophic pathways regardless of the position within a catchment or catchment condition. Analyses of extracellular enzymes revealed that microbial communities are actively utilising DOC at all sites. In fact, heterotrophic microbial respiration was strongly limited by DOC at all sites, with nutrient additions resulting in only relatively minor increases in respiration.

Hitchcock, J.N., Mitrovic, S., Kobayashi, T. & Westhorpe, D.P. 2010, 'Responses Of Estuarine Bacterioplankton, Phytoplankton And Zooplankton To Dissolved Organic Carbon (Doc) And Inorganic Nutrient Additions', Estuaries And Coasts, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 78-91.
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The response of planktonic bacteria and phytoplankton to various additions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as glucose, with and without inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), was tested in the upper to mid Hunter Estuary, Australia. In situ mic

Mitrovic, S., Hitchcock, J.N., Davie, A.W. & Ryan, D. 2010, 'Growth Responses Of Cyclotella Meneghiniana (Bacillariophyceae) To Various Temperatures', Journal Of Plankton Research, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1217-1221.
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The growth of Cyclotella meneghiniana was examined at temperatures between 13 and 28¦C at 3¦C intervals. Growth increased linearly with temperature to a growth maximum at 25¦C, with growth decreasing at 28¦C.

Oliver, R.L., Mitrovic, S. & Rees, C. 2010, 'Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river', River Research and Applications, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 894-903.
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A turbid lowland river in Australia was studied to describe factors influencing the light conditions for phytoplankton growth. Vertical attenuation coefficients correlated with nepholometric turbidity enabling estimation of euphotic depths (zeu) from long term turbidity monitoring. Light conditions were assessed from the ratio of zeu to the maximum water depth (zm). Predominantly zeu/zm ratios were below 0.2, a value indicating the minimum light conditions required to support phytoplankton growth. A transitional state with zeu/zm between 0.2 and 0.35 occurred 15% of the time, while light sufficiency occurred for 30% of the time. Peaks in eukaryotic phytoplankton biomass developed when zeu/zm was at or above transitional values. Large increases in cyanobacterial numbers (Anabaena sp.) only occurred when zeu/zm exceeded 0.35. Turbidity increased quickly with elevated flows but did not decline substantially as flows reduced and light limiting conditions extended into low flow periods otherwise conducive to phytoplankton growth.

Westhorpe, D.P., Mitrovic, S., Ryan, D. & Kobayashi, T. 2010, 'Limitation Of Lowland Riverine Bacterioplankton By Dissolved Organic Carbon And Inorganic Nutrients', Hydrobiologia, vol. 652, no. 1, pp. 101-117.
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Flow regulation in lowland rivers has reduced the amount of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) entering main channels through less frequent wetting of benches, flood runners and floodplains. The hypothesis tested was that lowland riverine bacte

Chessman, B., Westhorpe, D.P., Mitrovic, S. & Hardwick, L. 2009, 'Trophic linkages between periphyton and grazing macroinvertebrates in rivers with different levels of catchment development', Hydrobiologia, vol. 625, pp. 135-151.
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In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland. The amount of DA that was present in three species was within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20 Ág DA/g); mussels (Mytilus edulis), <1.0 Ág DA/g; oysters (Crassostrea edulis), <5.0 Ág DA/g and razor clams (Ensis siliqua), <0.3 Ág DA/g. However, king scallops (Pecten maximus) posed a significant human health hazard with levels up to 240 Ág DA/g total tissues. Most scallop samples (55%) contained DA at levels greater than the regulatory limit. The DA levels in the digestive glands of some samples of scallops were among the highest that have ever been recorded (2820 Ág DA/g).

Mitrovic, S., Chessman, B., Davie, A.W., Avery, E.L. & Ryan, N. 2008, 'Development of blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows', Hydrobiologia, vol. 596, no. 1, pp. 173-185.
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Diatom blooms in the middle reaches of the shallow, freshwater, Hunter River, Australia, are a frequent nuisance to river users. During a 4-year study, blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. coincided with water temperatures above 23-¦C and flows below 400 Ml d-1 that lasted for more than 12 days. Redundancy analysis showed that water temperature was positively related, and antecedent flow was negatively related, to the abundance of both taxa. Addition experiments indicated that nutrients are seldom limiting to growth. It is suggested that a combination of faster growth rates at higher temperatures and longer retention times at low flows allows bloom populations to develop. Simulation modelling showed that flow regulation and water extraction have decreased flows in the river during summer, and consequently have probably increased the number of diatom blooms. Environmental flows have been provided to the river, but are not sufficient to prevent blooms. Discharges required for bloom suppression are described. -® 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Ryan, N., Mitrovic, S. & Bowling, L.C. 2008, 'Temporal and spatial variability in the phytoplankton community of Myall Lakes, Australia and influences of salinity', Hydrobiologia, vol. 608, no. 1, pp. 69-86.
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The variability in the phytoplankton communities of the Myall Lakes, a series of four interconnected coastal lakes on the lower north coast of New South Wales, was studied between 1999 and 2002. There was considerable spatial variability across the lake system. Bombah Broadwater experienced blooms of Anabaena in 1999 and early 2000, but these were replaced from late 2000 onwards by Chroococcus and a variety of eukaryotic taxa, particularly flagellates and diatoms. In comparison, the phytoplankton community of Myall Lake was dominated for much of the study period by Chroococcus, Merismopedia and chlorophyte taxa. The sites located midway between these two main lakes represent an ecotone, with elements of the phytoplanktonic flora of both main lakes being present. Changes in phytoplankton community composition in Bombah Broadwater occurred fairly frequently. In contrast, the phytoplankton community in Myall Lake changed little during the course of the study and can be considered as being at long-term equilibrium. The reasons for this lie in the morphology and hydrology of the lake system, which in turn create gradients in a number of physico-chemical water quality attributes. Bombah Broadwater is influenced by episodic and stochastic freshwater inflows from the upper Myall River catchment, and in times of drought by saline marine incursions via the lower Myall River. Myall Lake however represents a cul-de-sac, with only a small hydraulic connection to the remainder of the lake system. As it has little input from its small catchment, the limnological conditions within this lake remain relatively constant for long periods of time.

Mitrovic, S., Chessman, B., Bowling, L.C. & Cooke, R.H. 2006, 'Modelling suppression of cyanobacterial blooms by flow management in a lowland river', River Research and Applications, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 109-114.
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Growth and dominance of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in weir pools of the Barwon+Darling River, Australia, are related to persistent vertical thermal stratification between October and March, when discharge is low. We determined critical velocities and discharges required to suppress bloom formation at three sites, and modelled the occurrence of sub-critical discharges in order to predict the frequency of blooms under different management scenarios. Our model suggests that the frequency of blooms was about double that expected under near-natural flows (without major impoundment or water extraction) for 1990+2000. Flow management, through Environmental Water Provisions that limit water extraction when river levels are low, has been in place since July 2000. Our model suggests that these provisions are unlikely to have had an effect on bloom frequency for 2000+2003. In the longer term, however, they could reduce bloom frequency at some sites by up to one-third

James, K.J., Gillman, M., Amandi, M.F., Lopez-Rievra, A., Puente, P.F., Lehane, M., Mitrovic, S. & Furey, A. 2005, 'Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland', Toxicon, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 852-858.
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In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland. The amount of DA that was present in three species was within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20 Ág DA/g); mussels (Mytilus edulis), <1.0 Ág DA/g; oysters (Crassostrea edulis), <5.0 Ág DA/g and razor clams (Ensis siliqua), <0.3 Ág DA/g. However, king scallops (Pecten maximus) posed a significant human health hazard with levels up to 240 Ág DA/g total tissues. Most scallop samples (55%) contained DA at levels greater than the regulatory limit. The DA levels in the digestive glands of some samples of scallops were among the highest that have ever been recorded (2820 Ág DA/g).

Mitrovic, S., Allis, O., Furey, A. & James, K.J. 2005, 'Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta', Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety, vol. 61, pp. 345-352.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on higher plants and macroalgae, and the potential for bioaccumulation in the food web through plants. Two aquatic plants, Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza, and one filamentous alga, Chladophora fracta, were exposed to the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR. Growth of L. minor (as weight and frond number) and root length were significantly reduced and peroxidase activity was significantly increased after 5 days of exposure to concentrations of 10 and 20 Ág mL-1 microcystin-LR. Growth of W. arrhiza (as frond number) was significantly reduced after 5 days of exposure to 15 Ág mL-1 microcystin-LR. Growth and peroxidase activity of C. fracta were not affected by microcystin-LR at concentrations up to 10 Ág mL-1. L. minor also accumulated microcystin-LR up to a concentration of 0.288¦0.009 ng mg-1 wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.058 ng mg-1 day-1. C. fracta accumulated a microcystin-LR concentration of 0.042¦0.015 ng mg-1 wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.008 ng mg-1 day-1.

Mitrovic, S., Hamilton, B., Mckenzie, L., Furey, A. & James, K.J. 2005, 'Persistence of yessotoxin (YTX) under light and dark conditions', marine environmental research, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 397-401.
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The change in concentration of the disulfated polyether yessotoxin (YTX) produced by a culture of the marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was measured in laboratory experiments under light and dark conditions. Experimental cultures were inoculated and grew at a growth rate of 0.14 d-1 until stationary phase was reached, after approximately 21 days. Cultures were maintained in the stationary phase until 31 days after inoculation. Cells of P. reticulatum contained a concentration of approximately 10+15 pg YTX cell-1 during stationary phase but this was considerably lower (<5 pg cell-1) during the growth phase. Low amounts of 45-hydroxy-YTX were also detected. At day 32, P. reticulatum was killed by cooling to 1 ¦C (confirmed microscopically) and YTX concentrations were measured periodically under light and dark conditions. YTX concentrations decreased rapidly to approximately 10% of the initial concentration within the first 3 days and depleted to near zero within a week in the light treatment. In the dark environment, YTX persisted longer with approximately 10% of the initial YTX concentration still remaining after 18 days.

Mitrovic, S., Pflugmacher, S., James, K.J. & Furey, A. 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on macrophytes and macroalgae. To date only microcystins have been found to be detrimental to aquatic plants. Peroxidase activity of the free floating aquatic plant Lemna minor and the filamentous macroalga Chladophora fracta was measured after exposure to several concentrations of the cyanotoxin, anatoxin-a. Peroxidase activity (POD) was significantly (P<0.05) increased after 4 days of exposure to an anatoxin-a concentration of 25 Ág mL-1 for both L. minor and C. fracta. Peroxidase activity was not significantly increased at test concentrations of 15 Ág mL-1 or lower. In another experiment, the effects of various concentrations of anatoxin-a on the detoxication enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in L. minor were investigated. GST activity was significantly elevated at anatoxin-a concentrations of 5 and 20 Ág mL-1. Photosynthetic oxygen production by L. minor was also found to be reduced at these concentrations. This is the first report to our knowledge of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a being harmful to aquatic plants.

Mitrovic, S., Amandi, M.F., Mckenzie, L., Furey, A. & James, K.J. 2004, 'Effects of selenium, iron and cobalt addition to growth and yessotoxin production of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture', Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 313, no. 2, pp. 337-351.
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he marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum has been recently identified as a source for the disulfated polyether toxin, yessotoxin (YTX), and may pose a risk to human health, aquaculture development and coastal environments. The requirements of P. reticulatum for selenium, iron and cobalt were assessed in culture. P. reticulatum was grown in nutrient enriched seawater (1/10 GP medium) without selenium or with 0.003 and 0.0003 ÁM selenium added; without iron or with 0.076 and 0.0076 ÁM iron added; and without cobalt or with 0.008 ÁM cobalt added. Test flasks were monitored for growth rate, cell yield and YTX production. P. reticulatum was found to exhibit a strong requirement for both selenium and iron. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added selenium were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 60.2% (Á=0.15 day-1) and 20.2% (4942 cell ml-1), respectively, of those with selenium added (Á=0.23 day-1 and 24, 387 cell ml-1). YTX production was significantly increased by addition of selenium in two of three transfers tested. Cells of P. reticulatum subjected to medium without selenium added showed morphological changes observable at the light microscope level which included enlarged cell size. The diameter of cells in medium without selenium added were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged to 36.7¦0.90 Ám compared to cells in the medium with selenium added, 27.5¦1.25 Ám. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added iron were also significantly reduced to 70.1% (Á=0.16 day-1) and 34.2% (8003 cells ml-1), respectively, of those with iron added (Á=0.23 day-1 and 23,416 cells ml-1). No significant effect on YTX production was measured. In contrast to selenium and iron, no limitation of growth or cell yield or differences in YTX production were observed for flasks without cobalt as compared to those with cobalt added. The possibility that harmful algal events of P. reticulatum may be influenced by selenium or iron in neritic waters is discussed.

Mitrovic, S., Oliver, R.L., Rees, C., Bowling, L.C. & Buckney, R.T. 2003, 'Critical flow velocities for the growth and dominance of Anabaena circinalis in some turbid freshwater rivers', Freshwater Biology, vol. 48, pp. 164-174.
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Mitrovic, S., Howden, C.G., Bowling, L.C. & Buckney, R.T. 2003, 'Unusual allometry between in situ growth of freshwater phytoplankton under static and fluctuating light environments: possible implications for dominance', Journal Of Plankton Research, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 517-526.
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Mitrovic, S., Bowling, L.C. & Buckney, R.T. 2001, 'Quantifying potential benefits to Microcystic aeruginosa through disentrainment by buoyancy within an embayment of a freshwater river', Journal of Freshwater Ecology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151-157.
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Vertical profiles of Microcystis aeruginosa and other phytoplankton were measured on several occasions within the main channel and an embayment of a freshwater tidal river. The cyanobacteria M. aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis were able to migrate to surface waters within the embayment but not within the main channel. Using a quantitative estimate of primary productivity (over a 24 hour period), the potential benefits through disentrainment by buoyancy were determined for M. aeruginosa within the embayment and compared to the main channel. The population within the embayment had a daily integral of photosynthesis of 603.13 mmol of O(2)m(-2), nine times greater than the evenly distributed main channel population with a daily integral of 62.08 mmol of O(2)m(-2). It is likely that embayments along the tidally mixed reaches of the Hawkesbury River may be areas where M. aeruginosa can disentrain through buoyancy and enhance primary productivity rates.

Mitrovic, S., Bowling, L.C. & Buckney, R.T. 2001, 'Responses of phytoplankton to in-situ nutrient enrichment: Potential Influences on Species Dominance in a River', International Review of Hydrobiology, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 283-296.
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The Hawkesbury River at Sackville, New South Wales, Australia is fresh and vigorously mixed by tidal movement. The location has frequent blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, which have been recorded occurring throughout the year, including winter temperatures as low as 13 ¦C. Nutrient enrichment tests were performed in-situ on the natural phytoplankton population in 1997 and 1998 while Microcystis aeruginosa dominated (covering both summer and winter periods). These experiments compared population changes under the ambient nutrient regime with those after additions of ortho-phosphate, nitrate, ammonia and various combinations of these nutrients. Under ambient conditions, the Microcystis population was able to grow significantly (P < 0.05) while most non-cyanobacterial phytoplankton did not. Nutrient additions induced a variety of nutrient limitation responses that often varied between genera of major groups i.e. in the Chlorophyceae (Actinastrum sp. responded to phosphorus while Psephonema sp. responded to nitrogen). The possibility that shifts in population dominance from Chlorophyceae to the Cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa) at Sackville are in response to competition for limiting nutrients is discussed

Mitrovic, S., Bowling, L.C., Buckney, R.T. 2001, 'Vertical Disentrainment of Anabaena circinalis in the Turbid Freshwater Darling River, Australia: Qunatifying Potential Benefits from Buoyancy', Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 23, pp. 47-55.
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